Key words: prostate cancer; evodiamine; cell growth; G2/M arrest; apoptosisProstate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in American men over 40 years of age and is the second leading of cancer deaths. 1,2 Recently, prostate cancer has become more and more common in Asia including Taiwan. 3 According to previous studies, widely accepted risk factors for prostate cancer are age, race, ethnicity, dietary habits, androgen production and metabolism. 4 Prostate cancer is characterized by an initial androgen dependency in which the growth of cancer is enhanced by androgen. 5 In this stage, treatment is aimed at either lowering the plasma level of testosterone or inhibiting its biological effects or those of its metabolites at the target tissue levels. Orchidectomy, LHRH agonists and antiandrogenic drugs have been used clinically for treatment of androgen-dependent prostate cancer. 6 -8 However, these therapies cause psychological and physiological side effects. 9 -11 The drugs for androgen-dependent prostate cancer have merits and limitations. Because of the side effects and limitations of the currently available treatments, there is a need to identify and develop new antitumor agents against androgen-dependent prostate cancer.It has been demonstrated that several microchemicals that are isolated from herbs and plants with diversified pharmacological properties exert inhibitory effects on the proliferation of cancer. [12][13][14][15][16] The microchemicals could be the most desirable agents for prevention or intervention of human cancer incidence and mortality due to stomach, colon, breast, esophagus, lung, bladder and even prostate carcinoma. [17][18][19] Our previous studies showed that cardiac glycosides from digitalis and Chansu exhibited the antiproliferative effects on prostate cancer cells including DU145, PC3 and LNCaP to mediate the elevated [Ca2 ϩ ] i and apoptosis. 19,20 Wu-Chu-Yu is a long-standing Chinese herb used for syndromes characterized by cold hands and gastrointestinal disorders. Evodiamine is one of the major bioactive compounds isolated and purified from Wu-Chu-Yu. It has been demonstrated that evodiamine influences many physiological functions including vasotension, anoxia and body temperature. [21][22][23] Meanwhile, evodiamine exhibits an anti-inflammatory effect on change of nitric oxide production in murine macrophage. 24 Recently, we found that evodiamine inhibited testosterone production via a decrease of 17-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in testicular interstitial cells. 25 Interestingly, the evidence showed that rutaecarpine, the other bioactive compound isolated from Wu-Chu-Yu, inhibited the growth of many kinds of cancers including breast, lung and kidney cancers. 26 Furthermore, Okasawara et al. 27,28 reported that evodiamine inhibited the cell proliferation, cell migration and lung metastasis of murine colon cancer cells.According to previous reports, evodiamine has been recognized as a compound for anti-metastatic and anti-tumor agent in colon cancer cells. It w...