The Vasoplegic Effects of Chlorpromazine

Effect of clamp versus anastomotic-induced ischemia on critical ischemic time and survival of rat epigastric fasciocutaneous flap

“…A large number of vasodilators have been tested experimentally and are in clinical use today. [21][22][23][24] In our island pedicle group, no pharmacologic agents were used to prevent or treat vascular spasms. In our free flap group, the anastomotic site was bathed in 2% lidocaine for 15 minutes prior to anastomosis.…”

History of Microsurgery: The Legacy of Harry J. Buncke, MD

“…Unfortunately, much of the early problems with microvascular repair of the rabbit ear had to do with vasoconstriction as the rabbit ear is very sensitive to temperature and goes into vasoconstriction in a cold environment and vasodilatation in a warm environment. Harry Buncke had difficulty with vasoconstriction and much of his early publications had to do with trying to reverse vasospasm, 9 which remains a problem for microsurgeons to this day. After 56 attempts at rabbit ear replantation, he was finally successful at replanting a rabbit ear in the early 1960s.…”

Topical nitroglycerin for the treatment of intraoperative microsurgical vasospasm

“…Drug choice varies by institution and can shift as a result of changes in the availability of medications (Vargas et al, ). Nearly all of the medications presently used to treat vasospasm are approved for use in other parts of the body and are used in an off‐label capacity for the treatment of microsurgical vasospasm (Altura & Lassoff, ; Blair, Greene, Eldridge, & Cipoletti, ; Buncke & Blackfield, ; Cooper, Wilkinson, & Angelini, ;Crabb, Niall, Knight, Angus, & O'Brien, ; Kinmonth, Simeone, & Perlow, ; Ricci et al, ; Swartz, Brink, & Buncke, ; Ueda & Harii, ). Given the paucity of available data however, the best agent remains unknown, with most surgeons simply using a medication they were trained to use in their residency or fellowship training.…”