“…A total of 22 studies (third highest group after healthcare and innovation providers) mentioned some form of actor that organised the open innovation process or provided its know-how or facilities to make the project happen. These were living labs (Bababekov et al ., 2021; Geenhuizen and Faber, 2015; Haukipuro et al ., 2018; Chaher et al ., 2017), online platforms (Bullinger et al ., 2012; O’Donnell et al ., 2019; Rubinelli et al ., 2013; Schucht et al ., 2020; Spena and Cristina, 2019), innovation or design facilitators (Bababekov et al ., 2021; Brissos et al ., 2021; Haukipuro et al ., 2018; Iyawa et al ., 2017; Lassen et al ., 2015; Pedersen, 2015; Spena and Cristina, 2019) and also researchers (Bjorkquist et al ., 2015; Geenhuizen and Faber, 2015; Litovuo et al ., 2017; Sjölinder et al ., 2016), community organisations (Carroll et al ., 2010; Litovuo et al ., 2017; Neinstein et al ., 2016; Ramatowski et al ., 2017) and project managers (Bababekov et al ., 2021; Bjorkquist et al ., 2015; Brissos et al ., 2021; Simeone et al ., 2017). Of the 22 studies, only a tiny fraction involved internal intermediaries (Haukipuro et al ., 2018; Pedersen, 2015), while the others were external to the focal healthcare organisation.…”