The Vascular System of the Cerebral Cortex

Bär, Thomas

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-67432-7

Cited by 158 publications

(65 citation statements)

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“…The disparity in timings of resistance changes in nearby vessels can cause local "steal" whereby an increase in flow in one vessel occurs at the expense of a reduction in flow in a nearby vessel. Owing to the modular and hexagonal organization of the vasculature in the neocortex of the rat (Bär, 1980) the monitored hemispherical volume contains a few hundred perforating arterial units of different sizes. Each of these can exhibit vaso-and flowmotion of a given character.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal Fluctuations in Regional Red Blood Cell Flux in the Rat Brain Cortex is a Fractal Process

Eke

Hermán

Bassingthwaighte

et al. 1997

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal Fluctuations in Regional Red Blood Cell Flux in the Rat Brain Cortex is a Fractal Process

Eke

Hermán

Bassingthwaighte

et al. 1997

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

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“…Vascularization of the human telencephalon within the primitive meningeal layers does not start until around the 8th week of development, by in situ differentiation of endothelial precursor cells (vasculogenesis). These newly-formed vessels invade the nervous wall, and via specific angiogenic mechanisms, elongate and anastomose, giving rise within a few weeks to an intraneural vascular network [14,19,20] .…”

Section: Vascular Bedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury in the Immature Brain – Key Vascular and Cellular Players

et al. 2007

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Over the past decade, much has been learned about the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying hypoxic-ischemic (H-I) injury in the preterm human brain. The pathogenesis of H-I brain injury is now understood to be multifactorial and quite complex, depending on (i) the severity, intensity and timing of asphyxia, (ii) selective ischemic vulnerability, (iii) the degree of maturity of the brain, and (iv) the characteristics of the ensuing reoxygenation/reperfusion phase. Each of these factors has differential effects on the distinct cell populations in the brain, with certain specific cell types being particularly vulnerable in the developing brain. In this review, we discuss the role of the blood vessels and the distinct cell populations, which are the mayor constitutive elements of the immature brain, in the pathophysiology of H-I lesion. The presence of fragile and poorly anastomosed blood vessels and the existence of disturbances in the blood-brain barrier alter blood flow, vascular tone and nutrient delivery. Brain cells are sensitive to the overstimulation of neurotransmitter receptors, particularly glutamate receptors, which can provoke excitotoxicity leading to the death of neurons and other cells such as astrocytes and oligodendrocyte progenitors. Microglial activation by means of excitatory amino acids and by leukocyte migration initiates the inflammatory response giving rise to an increase in regional cerebral blood flow and promoting astrocyte and oligodendrocyte injuries. A better understanding of these aspects of H-I injury will contribute to more efficient strategies for the management of the associated damage.

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“…We used a Nikon Microplan II for the quantitation of tissue area, the area and number of capil lary profiles, and capillary profile diameter. From these measure ments, capillary density, volume fraction, and surface area of capil laries within the region of interest were determined using stereological theory and formulae [3,15]. Morphometric analyses at the ultrastructural level were con ducted with the same tissue blocks of just the supraoptic nucleus and neural lobe from 3 rats.…”

Section: Morphometric Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in Function and Structure of the Capillary Endothelium in the Supraoptic Nucleus and Pituitary Neural Lobe of Rats

Gross¹,

Sposito²,

Pettersen³

et al. 1986

Neuroendocrinology

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The physiology and structure of capillary endothelial cells in the hypothalamic ventromedial and supraoptic nuclei and pituitary neural lobe were evaluated with quantitative methods and compared. The capillary endothelial cells in the ventromedial nucleus were used as an index of blood-brain barrier endothelium in cerebral gray matter; this endothelium has relatively low surface area and low permeability to tracer solutes. The permeability × surface area product of endothelial cells for a neutral amino acid, ¹⁴C-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), in the ventromedial nucleus was similar to the value for supraoptic nucleus and was several hundred times smaller than in the neural lobe. The supraoptic nuclei and neural lobe had exceptionally large capillary surface areas, but dissimilar rates of blood flow and transendothelial influx of AIB. Differences in permeability of the endothelial cells between these two structures correlated closely with their marked dissimilarities in morphology. The neural lobe endothelium had numerous fenestrations (five per capillary cross-section) and vesicular profiles (twice as many as supraoptic nucleus), two features commonly associated with high capillary permeability. The capillary endothelium of the supraoptic nucleus was that of a typical blood-brain barrier structure having intercellular junctions that appeared tight, no fenestrations, and few cytoplasmic pits and vesicles. The unusually large capillary surface area of the supraoptic nucleus and low rate of solute flux across its endothelial cells make this nucleus a unique structure in which rapid changes in tissue volume may occur in response to small perturbations in plasma osmolality. The findings implicate the supraoptic nucleus as an osmotically sensitive detector or ‘osmometer’ in neuroendocrine regulation of body fluid homeostasis.

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The Vascular System of the Cerebral Cortex

Cited by 158 publications

References 0 publications

Temporal Fluctuations in Regional Red Blood Cell Flux in the Rat Brain Cortex is a Fractal Process

Temporal Fluctuations in Regional Red Blood Cell Flux in the Rat Brain Cortex is a Fractal Process

Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury in the Immature Brain – Key Vascular and Cellular Players

Differences in Function and Structure of the Capillary Endothelium in the Supraoptic Nucleus and Pituitary Neural Lobe of Rats

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