The various sources of household income of paddy farmers in East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract

Karmini, Karyati. 2018. The various sources of household income of paddy farmers in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 357-363. Some reports showed that agricultural and non-agricultural activities contribute to farmer household income. The objectives of this study were to identify the various sources of household income of paddy farmers, the average amount of every source of income, and the contribution of paddy farm income and non-paddy farm income to household income. This study was conducted in East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The two-stage cluster sampling was applied to select the study areas. The number of respondents was 380 paddy households. Descriptive statistics were used to explore, summarize, and describe the data. The sources of household income of paddy farmers in the study areas are from paddy farm income and non-paddy farm income. Paddy farm income is income from paddy farming. Non-paddy income is income from non-paddy farming jobs such as annual crops farmer, perennial crop farmer, employee, seller, fisherman, breeder of livestock, carpenter, and laborer. The average paddy farm income, non-paddy farm income, and total household income of paddy farmers in East Kalimantan in 2013 was Rp. 13,487,069.21 year-1, Rp. 20,920,464.31 year-1, and Rp. 27,360,640.28 year-1, respectively. The contribution of paddy farm income and non-paddy farm income to household income of paddy farmers was 49.29% and 50.71%, respectively.

Trends and determinants of minimum dietary diversity among children aged 6–23 months: a pooled analysis of Indonesia Demographic and Health Surveys from 2007 to 2017

“…Our finding suggests that working in agricultural fields might not generate sufficient income. While smallholder farmers dominate Indonesian agriculture, a study in East Kalimantan showed that paddy and non-paddy farming jobs only contributed to 42•3 % and 50•7 % of household income, respectively (42) . In a stratified analysis, paternal occupation and MDD-8 were only linked in 2017, but not in the earlier surveys, suggesting a disparity in MDD-8 among children based on the paternal work in the latest survey.…”

Wealth- and education-related inequalities in minimum dietary diversity among Indonesian infants and young children: a decomposition analysis

“…Household head employment was associated with dietary diversity as it could determine the earnings [ 42 ]. However, Indonesian agriculture jobs dominated by small-scale farmers remain struggling with low incomes [ 58 ]. Such income disparities may increase the risk of food insecurity, making it difficult for them to afford healthy diets [ 59 ].…”

Paddy Farm Income in Relation to Experience and Geographical Regions in East Kalimantan, Indonesia

“…Paddy farm income has contribution to household income of paddy farmers. Therefore, the increase of paddy farm income leads the increase of total household income of paddy farmers [5]. Factors, individually, affect significantly paddy income such as the labor cost, tillage cost, paddy farm size, and raw materials cost [7].…”

“…The development of paddy farming in East Kalimantan faces various problems and challenges such as the low levels of paddy farm income and farmer household income [4]. The contribution of paddy farm income was approximately 49.29% to household income of paddy farmers whereas it was lower than that of non paddy farm income (50.71%) [5]. The most of poor households (48.8%) in Indonesia were agricultural households, this was related to the low income of farmers and farm laborers compared to wages in other sectors [1].…”