The values of ecosystem services inside and outside of protected areas in Eastern and Southern Africa

Abstract

Conservation policies often take for granted the importance of protected areas for supplying ecosystem services. The 1stedition of theState of Protected and Conserved Areas in Eastern and Southern Africareport contained limited information on ecosystem services, so for the upcoming 2ndedition we compared statistically 561 standardised economic values of various types of ecosystem services inside and outside of protected areas. We found that data from local and sub-national case-studies in the Ecosystem Service Valuation Database were biased geographically, highlighting major evidence gaps for most of the region. For well-studied countries (Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda), the value of ecosystem services varied considerably across different types of services but were – on average – five times higher outside protected areas. This trend was not universal, however, given that opportunities for recreation and tourism tended to be 20 times higher within protected areas. Combined, these findings suggest that conservation authorities across Eastern and Southern Africa (1) prioritise ecosystem service valuation studies; expand the focus of ecosystem service policies to include wider landscapes beyond protected area boundaries; and (3) avoid making generic assumptions about ecosystem services by identifying which types of services are most compatible with the broader goals of protection.