The value of transportation accessibility in a least developed country city – The case of Rajshahi City, Bangladesh

Mitra, Suman; Saphores, Jean-Daniel

doi:10.1016/j.tra.2016.05.002

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…The presence of spatial dependence in the data violates basic assumptions of conventional statistical analysis, such as t-tests or Pearson correlation and OLS regressions, and leads to "information loss, biased and/or inefficient parameters and the possibility of seriously flawed conclusions and policy prescriptions" (Páez & Scott, 2005, p.55). To overcome these limitations, spatial regression models have been commonly used by studies investigating the relationship between transport accessibility and landuse prices (Efthymiou & Antoniou, 2013;Mitra & Saphores, 2016;Mulley, Ma, Clifton, Yen, & Burke, 2016), but these models have thus far found little uptake in the literature on transportation equity. In order to control for spatial autocorrelation, a spatial regression model was used to estimate whether wealthier areas were able to attract more accessibility gains from the transport policies recently implemented in Rio.…”

Section: Analyzing Association Between Income and Accessibility Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Distributional effects of transport policies on inequalities in access to opportunities in Rio de Janeiro

Pereira

Banister

Schwanen

et al. 2019

JTLU

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The evaluation of social impacts of transport policies has been attracting growing attention in recent years. Yet studies thus far have predominately focused on developed countries and overlooked whether equity assessment of transport projects is sensitive to the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP). This paper investigates how investments in public transport can reshape socio-spatial inequalities in access to opportunities, and it examines how MAUP can influence the distributional effects of transport project evaluations. The study looks at Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) and the transformations carried out in the city in preparation for the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympics, which involved substantial expansion in public transport infrastructure followed by cuts in service levels. The paper uses before-and-after comparison of Rio's transport network (2014-2017) and quasi-counterfactual analysis to examine how those policies affect access to schools and jobs for different income groups and whether the results are robust when the data is analyzed at different spatial scales and zoning schemes. Results show that subsequent cuts in service levels have offset the accessibility benefits of transport investments in a way that particularly penalizes the poor, and that those investments alone would still have generated larger accessibility gains for higher-income groups. These findings suggest that, contrary to Brazil’s official discourse of transport legacy, recent policies in Rio have exacerbated rather than reduced socio-spatial inequalities in access to opportunities. The study also shows that MAUP can influence the equity assessment of transport projects, suggesting that this issue should be addressed in future research.

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Section: Analyzing Association Between Income and Accessibility Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Distributional effects of transport policies on inequalities in access to opportunities in Rio de Janeiro

Pereira

Banister

Schwanen

et al. 2019

JTLU

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show abstract

“…The presence of spatial dependence in the data violates basic assumptions of conventional statistical analysis, such as t-tests or person's correlation and OLS regressions, and leads to "information loss, biased and/or inefficient parameters and the possibility of seriously flawed conclusions and policy prescriptions" (Páez & Scott, 2005, p.55). To overcome these limitations, spatial regression models have been commonly used by studies investigating the impacts of transport accessibility on land-use prices (Efthymiou & Antoniou, 2013;Mitra & Saphores, 2016;Mulley et al, 2016;Tsutsumi & Seya, 2008), but these models have thus far found little uptake in the literature on transportation equity that evaluates the accessibility impacts of transport policies.…”

Section: Analyzing Association Between Income and Accessibility Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Distributive Justice and Transportation Equity: Inequality in accessibility in Rio de Janeiro

Pereira¹

2018

Preprint

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Public transport policies play a key role in shaping the social and spatial structure of cities. These policies influence how easily people can access opportunities, including health and educational services and job positions. The accessibility impacts of transport policies thus have important implications for social inequalities and for the promotion of just and inclusive cities. However, in the transportation literature, there is still little theoretically informed understanding of justice and what it means in the context of transport policies. Moreover, few studies have moved beyond descriptive analyses of accessibility inequalities to evaluate how much those inequalities result from transport policies themselves. This is particularly true in cities from the global South, where accessibility and equity have so far remained marginal concerns in the policy realm.This thesis builds on theories of distributive justice and examines how they can guide the evaluation of transport policies and plans. It points to pathways for rigorous assessment of the accessibility impacts of transport policies and it contributes to current discussions on transportation equity. A justice framework is developed to assess the distributional effects of transport policies. This framework is then applied to evaluate recent transport policies developed in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) in preparation to host sports mega-events, such as the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Olympic Games, which included substantial expansion of the rail and Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) infrastructure. This research presents ex-post analyses of the policies implemented between 2014 and 2017 and ex-ante analysis of an as yet unfinished BRT project. It evaluates how the planned transport legacy of those mega-events impacted accessibility to sports venues, healthcare facilities, public schools and job opportunities for different income groups. The results show that there were overall accessibility benefits from the expansion in transport infrastructure between 2014 and 2017, but these were generally offset by the reduction in bus service levels that followed an economic crisis that hit the city after the Olympics. Quasi-counterfactual analysis suggests that, even if the city had not been hit by the economic crisis, recent transport investments related to mega-events would have led to higher accessibility gains for wealthier groups and increased inequalities in access to opportunities. Results suggest that those investments had, or would have had, greater impact on inequalities of access to jobs than in access to schools and healthcare facilities. The evaluation of the future accessibility impacts of the unfinished BRT corridor, nonetheless, indicates that such project could significantly improve access to job opportunities for a large share of Rio’s population, particularly lower-income groups. Spatial analysis techniques show that the magnitude and statistical significance of these results depend on the spatial scale and travel time threshold selected for cumulative opportunity accessibility analysis. These results demonstrate that the ad-hoc methodological choices of accessibility analysis commonly used in the academic and policy literature can change the conclusions of equity assessments of transportation projects.

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“…Such small organizations are less able to persuade customers to shop far from their homes by providing a compelling incentive such as large floor space (Bell et al, 1998;Huff, 1964;John & Michael, 1998). The scarcity of personal cars and the dominance of walking as a means of transport provide another explanation of why consumers in LDCs are likely to shop in their neighborhood to obtain products and services (Mitra & Saphores, 2016). Moreover, consumers in LDCs shop daily, and this habit of shopping daily also encourages them to shop in their own neighborhood (Dawar & Chattopadhyay, 2002).…”

Section: The Relative Importance Of the Reasons For Billboard Usementioning

confidence: 99%

The Meaning and Effectiveness of Billboard Advertising in Least Developed Countries: The Case of Ethiopia

Gebreselassie

Bougie

2018

Journal of Promotion Management

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This article explores media preferences of advertisers in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) using the case of Ethiopia. Study 1 demonstrates that billboards are the most popular medium in an LDC. Study 2 builds on these findings and provides an explanation of why billboards are prevalent in an LDC. The most important reasons for using billboards include tangible response, media efficiency, location, visibility, and LDC-specific factors. Study 2 also provides an overview of managers' beliefs regarding billboard effectiveness. According to the managers in an LDC, the factors contributing to billboard effectiveness are clarity, name identification, location of billboard, visuals, readability, information, physical aspects, creativity, and integrated marketing communications. Finally, this article investigates the relationship between the reasons for using billboards and managers' perceptions of what makes them effective. Overall, these studies fill a void in the literature by researching issues that were less explored by earlier studies, particularly in the context of an LDC. Implications for marketing scholars and practitioners are delineated in the article.

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The value of transportation accessibility in a least developed country city – The case of Rajshahi City, Bangladesh

Cited by 23 publications

References 52 publications

Distributional effects of transport policies on inequalities in access to opportunities in Rio de Janeiro

Distributional effects of transport policies on inequalities in access to opportunities in Rio de Janeiro

Distributive Justice and Transportation Equity: Inequality in accessibility in Rio de Janeiro

The Meaning and Effectiveness of Billboard Advertising in Least Developed Countries: The Case of Ethiopia

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