The Value of Freedom

Ng, Kenneth W.; Virts, Nancy

doi:10.1017/s0022050700009529

J. Eco. History

1989

DOI: 10.1017/s0022050700009529

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The Value of Freedom

Kenneth W. Ng¹,

Nancy Virts²

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“…On a related point, Kousser argues the tax regime in North Carolina was regressive when the percentage of wealth paid in taxes is examined across racial groups, Kousser (1980b, p. 174-76). Recent work on estimating black and white income from the manuscript returns of the 1880 census Virts 1989a and1989b) shows average wealth levels do not reliably indicate income levels. While black wealth per capita was 3.5-7.5% of white wealth, average black worker income was 90% of white worker income.…”

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Wealth Redistribution, Race & Southern Public Schools, 1880-1910

2001

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This article measures the wealth redistribution effected by southern public schools and the taxes which supported them. It extends and contributes to the existing literature on this subject in three ways. First, the measurement is based on a larger sample of southern states and over more years than previous efforts. Second, this article establishes that from 1880 to 1910 throughout the South the public schools were a conduit for a consistent and significant flow of resources from whites to blacks. Blacks did not pay enough taxes to fully finance black public schools even at the lower levels dictated by white controlled school boards. Third, the establishment of segregated schools and the disenfranchisement of southern blacks did not eliminate this transfer but only moderately reduced it. The effect of Plessy v. Ferguson and the establishment of segregated schools was not as large as previously thought.

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Wealth Redistribution, Race & Southern Public Schools, 1880-1910

2001

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"I Do Not Suppose That Uncle Sam Looks at the Skin": African Americans and the Civil War Pension System, 1865-1934

Shaffer¹

2000

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Introduction to the Issue

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Myers

Gooden

2021

RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences

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The coeditors thank Suzanne Nichols and the three referees for their valuable comments and suggestions on this introduction. Extensive editorial and research assistance were provided by Angela Rose Myers, Yufeng Lai, Shuyi Deng, and Nora Jury-Last. The coeditors also acknowledge and thank Stephen Menendian for his help and support. He contributed to the concepts, the research, and the edits. His work is appreciated and improved the quality of the volume.

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The Value of Freedom

Cited by 3 publications

References 5 publications

Wealth Redistribution, Race & Southern Public Schools, 1880-1910

Wealth Redistribution, Race & Southern Public Schools, 1880-1910

"I Do Not Suppose That Uncle Sam Looks at the Skin": African Americans and the Civil War Pension System, 1865-1934

Introduction to the Issue

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