The Valuation of a Patent through the Real Options Approach: A Tutorial

Abstract

The importance of knowledge and other intangible activities for the success of an enterprise have been broadly recognized over the last few years. In this paper a tutorial is illustrated on the valuation of a patent through the real options approach (ROA), since the use of the discounted cash flow (DCF) methods, such as the net present value (NPV), seems to show issues when evaluating opportunities, such as the ones offered by intangible activities. The logic underlying ROA is tightly based on financial options and, in this sense, uncertainty can be seen as an opportunity, and not necessarily as a threat and its effect on the value of an activity can become positive. The patent analysed (registered in 2009) is a patent by the Alfa Group (this is not the real name of the firm but is used here for privacy reasons), which is a worldwide leader in the production of Getters, metallic elements that, through a chemical absorption process, keep the devices in which they are embedded in vacuum status. Such equipment is used in lightning systems, monitor screens, flat screen TVs, etc. In this tutorial, an ROA has been developed in order to demonstrate how the value of intangible assets can be estimated by using an Italian case study that can be useful for further studies and uses.

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“…The logic underlying ROT is based on financial options where uncertainty can be considered as an opportunity, and not necessarily as a negative risk, and its impact on the value of an underlying asset can become positive (Iazzolino and Migliano 2015). In this sense, we are on the opposite side of orthodox financial management's statement "that higher risk reduces the value of an asset" (Dockendorf 2010, p. 17).…”

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