The validity of the Einstellung test as a measure of rigidity.

Levitt, Eugene E.; Zelen, Seymour L.

doi:10.1037/h0061131

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…However, professional help in the form of psychotherapy for youth is only about a century old, and credible research on the effects of therapy is even more recent . In the 1950s, discouraging assessments of the effectiveness of therapy with youth and adults prompted researchers to develop new treatments, document their contents more carefully, test them more rigorously, and move incrementally toward treatments that could be shown to be effective. As part of the scientific advance, task forces and review groups were created to review the evidence and report on which treatments met criteria for various levels of empirical support.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Building Evidence‐Based Interventions for the Youth, Providers, and Contexts of Real‐World Mental‐Health Care

Santucci

Thomassin

Petrović

et al. 2015

Child Dev Perspectives

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Efforts to identify empirically supported treatments (ESTs) for youth's mental health problems are valuable, but the descriptor empirically supported does not guarantee that a treatment will work well in everyday clinical use. The voltage drop often seen when ESTs move from efficacy studies to clinical practice contexts may reflect limited exposure to real‐world conditions during development and testing. One result may be interventions that are focused more narrowly and are more linear than the clinical practice they are designed to enhance. In this article, we suggest three strategies for building and refining ESTs that are robust for real‐world application: (a) designing interventions to fit the contexts of youth treatment, (b) structuring interventions that can be tailored to fit individual youth characteristics, and (c) building programs for nontraditional intervention contexts. In addition, we describe how to develop interventions that are ready for practical implementation: the deployment‐focused model.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Building Evidence‐Based Interventions for the Youth, Providers, and Contexts of Real‐World Mental‐Health Care

Santucci

Thomassin

Petrović

et al. 2015

Child Dev Perspectives

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“…Both these terms imply that the observed rigid phenomena arose out of some inherent characteristic of the subjects' mental makeup. This idea was taken further by Lewin. Lewin (1935) saw personality as being made up of many different 'psychical systems' differing from each other in their degree of energy or tension; their differentiation; and their rigidity, in the sense of fixity.…”

Section: Rand2ity As a Perceptual Phenomenon: Perseveration And Co-satimentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Study of the Literature Concerning Rigidity

Leach

1967

Br J Soc Clin Psychol

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The literature concerning the concept ‘rigidity’ is reviewed. Three main stages in its development are explored: rigidity as a neurologically determined peculiarity of individual perception, leading to perseveration and premature closure: rigidity as a mechanism of defence against ego‐involving stimuli; the present view of rigidity as a manifestation of basic personality variables, observable in the cognitive and social fields, as well as in perception. Some possible lines for future research are discussed.

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“…Rigidity may be due to any number of factors other than rigidity in personality structure. Some claim that rigidity may be related to a tendency toward conformity, others to intolerance of ambiguity (27,30,39). To search for solutions is to be in the midst of ambiguity; to make use of a solution stipulated by authority, such as when using the set solution in Einstellung problems, is to be secure.…”

Section: Relationships To Rigiditymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To search for solutions is to be in the midst of ambiguity; to make use of a solution stipulated by authority, such as when using the set solution in Einstellung problems, is to be secure. Levitt and Zeien point out, however, that conformity is not synonymous with rigidity (30). Conformity becomes rigidity only when the standards to which one conforms no longer make for adaptation.…”

Section: Relationships To Rigiditymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rigidity in Children's Problem Solving*

Cunningham

1966

School Sci & Mathematics

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The growth within the past decade of so-called "discovery" approaches to teaching, particularly in the sciences, has been explosive. These approaches emphasize "inquiry," require a high degree of flexibility in thinking, and stress, more than did traditional curricula, divergent rather than convergent thought processes. This study originated in an attempt to identify some of the variables affecting rigidity in problem-solving behavior in hope that the exclusion or control of such variables might increase flexibility of thought. Of particular concern were the blinding effects of habit, specifically with what happens when, to quote Luchins, a habit "ceases to be a tool discriminately applied but becomes a procrustean bed to which the situation'must conform; when, in a word, instead of the individual mastering the habit, the habit masters the individual" (32).The problem of behavioral rigidity has been of perennial interest to psychologists. Whether the term Einstellung-effect, mental set, disposition, readiness, determining tendency, or other similar term is used, the concept of a predisposition to respond in a given way which can affect perception, reasoning, and memory becomes a very important one. Chown says, "Few major topics in contemporary psychology appear to offer more promise than rigidity, and the amount of work reported on this subject has been increasing year by year" (11).With their concepts of "fixation" and "style of life," Freud and Adier, respectively, described behavior consistently inappropriate or, at least, responsive only to a limited set of cues in a variety of situations (4, 23). These clinical approaches, however, failed to describe clearly the conditions eliciting the behavior except, perhaps, at a high level of generality.While the greatest impetus to research in rigidity in American psychology came with the publication of Luchins5 original work, numerous earlier investigators hinted at its existence (32). Chant, for example, found that many errors in problem solving were caused by an "interpretive" approach, in which old meanings and interpretations determined the response, rather than a fresh approach to the materials at hand (10).

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The validity of the Einstellung test as a measure of rigidity.

Cited by 18 publications

References 15 publications

Building Evidence‐Based Interventions for the Youth, Providers, and Contexts of Real‐World Mental‐Health Care

Building Evidence‐Based Interventions for the Youth, Providers, and Contexts of Real‐World Mental‐Health Care

A Critical Study of the Literature Concerning Rigidity

Rigidity in Children's Problem Solving*

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