“…The research literature presents a large number of guidelines and suggestions for adapting test instruments for use in another culture and for evaluating the quality of this process (see Beaton et al, 2000Beaton et al, , 2007Hambleton, 2005;Gudmundsson, 2009;Borsa et al, 2012;Ercikan and Lyons-Thomas, 2013;Hambleton and Lee, 2013;International Test Commission, 2018;Oliveri and Lawless, 2018;Hernández et al, 2020). Nonetheless, researchers have noted that there is no clear agreement on the ideal adaptation method (Borsa et al, 2012;Epstein et al, 2015).…”