The Validation of Direct and Meta Versions of the Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (ArCART-Q) in the Arabic Language: Their Relationship to Athlete’s Satisfaction with Individual Performance

Abstract

Background: The first aim of this study is to achieve validation of the direct and meta-perspective versions of the Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire in the Arabic language, and the second aim of this study is to determine the quality of the coach-athlete relationship to athlete’ satisfaction with individual performance according to sport participation type, sport duration, and sport achievement. Methods: A total of 259 athletes with a mean age of 22 years were recruited from various athletic clubs in Kuwait. Participants completed The Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire and The Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire. For this study, the factorial structure of the Arabic version of the Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q) was used in Kuwait and was prepared with both direct and meta perspectives. Results: The results of this study show evidence of the validity of the direct and meta-perspective Arabic versions of the CART-Q. The fit indices of the data collected by direct-method were as follows (x2/df = 2.21; RMSEA = 0.06; CFI = 0.98; GFI = 0.95; AGFI = 0.91); data for the meta-method were as follows (x2/df = 2.32; RMSEA = 0.08; CFI = 0.99; GFI = 0.93; AGFI = 0.87). Female participants have obtained higher means than males from all questionnaires. Conclusions: The results of the present study could help coaches and athletes from the Middle East to understand the reasons and methods that lead to a quality coach–athlete relationship.

Psychometric properties of the Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q) in a sample of Brazilian youth and adult athletes

“…Overall, the original structure of the instrument with 11 items and three dimensions (closeness, commitment, and complementarity) was maintained, corroborating results from previous research that was carried out in other cultures. 22,30,54,55 Based on the present results, the instrument presents satisfactory internal consistency, factor structure, factor invariance, sensitiveness to individual characteristics variation, and nomological validity to assess the athlete-coach relationship according to the athletes’ perspective.…”

Initial Validation of the Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire in a Sample of Portuguese Athletes

“…In contrast to prior research findings in which sex invariance was not established (e.g., Ahmad et al, 2021 ; Jowett & Clark-Carter, 2006 ; Jowett & Nezlek, 2012 ), we actively sought to address this issue and can confidently assert that, in this Portugese population, the model held equal validity and consistency for both male and female athletes, and that factors shared identical structures and interpretations in these two samples. This aspect is especially noteworthy because existing literature has already unveiled certain distinctions between men and women concerning these variables.…”

“…A validation study of direct and meta-perspective versions of the CART-Q translated to Arabic showed significant sex differences in satisfaction and CART-Q scores. Female athletes had significantly higher scores in all subdimensions, likely influenced by cultural norms and female coaches in Kuwait ( Ahmad et al, 2021 ). Hence, when assessing cognitive constructs such as perceived interpersonal behaviors of athletes’ regard to coaches, Rodrigues et al (2020) emphasized the importance of conducting research within specific cultural and contextual frameworks.…”

The Coach–Athlete Relationship and Self-Talk in Turkish Athletes

“…The CART-Q has been achieved by being a worldwide measurement tool. The British [47], Greek [50], Arabic [51], Chinese [52], Brazilian [53], Belgian [54], and Turkish [55] versions have been adapted to these cultures. Furthermore, the construct of the CART-Q has been demonstrated to be a useful tool for measuring the coach-athlete relationship in all these cultures.…”