The vacuum phenomenon in intervertebral disc disease of dogs based on computed tomography images

Müller, Michelle; Ludewig, Eberhard; Oechtering, Gerhard; Scholz, Markus; Flegel, Thomas

doi:10.1111/jsap.12063

Cited by 18 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The VP, which refers to the presence of gas in the IVD, is a relatively common radiological finding in humans and dogs, especially from CT, with an incidence of 6% in canine vertebral CT scans (14, 16, 22, 30, 31). Although an intervertebral VP can indicate vertebral disc degeneration and herniation, it should not be considered a unique identifier for spinal compression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The VP is caused by the accumulation of gas in the IVD as it degenerates or the extrusion of nucleus pulposus material (Hansen type l herniation). It has also been associated with infection, invasive procedures, and trauma to the IVD (17, 22, 32, 33). The spaces created within the IVD fill up with nitrogen-containing gases that were originally dissolved in the extracellular fluid and diffuse into areas of subatmospheric pressure during the movement of the IVD (22, 34).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pneumorrhachis should be distinguished from disc-associated epidural gas accumulation, because in the former, the gas accumulating in the spinal canal originates from the intervertebral disc (IVD) vacuum phenomenon (VP) (14–16). Lumbar disc protrusion with epidural gas accumulation is reported in human medicine as a very rare form of the VP seen in association with a degenerating or infected IVD (17–22). The purpose of this study is to describe three cases of epidural gas accumulation with lumbar disc protrusion in connection with canine degenerative lumbosacral disease, a combination of conditions that has not previously been reported in dogs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidural Gas Accumulation in Connection with Canine Degenerative Lumbosacral Disease

Skytte¹,

Schmökel²

2017

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Three dogs were presented with lumbosacral hyperesthesia. Computerized tomography scans were performed in all the cases, and magnetic resonance imaging was also performed in cases 1 and 3. There was intervertebral disc (IVD) protrusion causing nerve root compression and epidural gas accumulation in all the three cases. The gas-filled cystic structures in cases 1 and 3 were within the spinal canal; in case 2, the gas was within the disc protrusion. The IVD vacuum phenomenon is relatively common in dogs, but the formation of an epidural gas accumulation in cases of a lumbar disc protrusion is rare. The clinical significance of these epidural gas accumulations is unknown. Two of the dogs were treated surgically, improved after surgery, and showed no signs of pain in the follow-up examinations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidural Gas Accumulation in Connection with Canine Degenerative Lumbosacral Disease

Skytte¹,

Schmökel²

2017

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…In dogs, intradiscal gas accumulation or the so-called “vacuum phenomenon” is a radiological finding that is observed in degenerative disc disease but has not been reported to produce or favor epidural gas accumulation [48]. Potentially, communication between the exterior and the vertebral canal through the dermoid sinus fistula may have introduced air into the epidural space.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The epidural space has an internal pressure bellow atmospheric pressure; therefore ambient air outside of the dermal orifice presumably follows gradient pressure forces towards the vertebral canal. Alternatively, this vertebral gas accumulation may be only an incidental finding [48,49]. No previous description of epidural gas in human or animal patients diagnosed with dermoid sinus has been reported.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spinal dermoid sinus in a Dachshund with vertebral and thoracic limb malformations

et al. 2014

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BackgroundDermoid sinus is an uncommon epithelial-lined fistula that may be associated with vertebral malformations. In humans, Klippel-Feil syndrome (KFS) is a rare condition characterized by congenital cervical vertebral fusion and may be associated with other developmental defects, including dermoid sinus. The present case report describes an adult Dachshund with cervical and cranial thoracic vertebral malformations as well as thoracic limb malformations resembling KFS with a concurrent type IV dermoid sinus.Case presentationA 1.5 year-old Dachshund with congenital thoracic limbs deformities and cervical-thoracic vertebral malformations presented with cervical hyperesthesia, rigidity of the cervical musculature and tetraparesis. Neurologic, radiographic, and computed tomography (CT) (2D, 3D, CT fistulography) examinations revealed skeletal anomalies, a dermoid sinus in the cranial thoracic region and epidural gas within the vertebral canal. Surgical resection and histopathological evaluation of the sinus tract were performed and confirmed a type IV dermoid sinus. The clinical signs progressively recovered postoperatively, and no recurrent signs were observed after 6 months of follow-up.ConclusionsCervical vertebral malformations associated with limbs anomalies have not been reported in dogs and may represent a condition similar to KFS in humans. KFS can occur concurrently with other congenital conditions including dermoid sinus and should be included among the complex congenital anomalies described in dogs.

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Successful conservative management of epidural gas accumulation and haematoma formation following a lateral corpectomy in a dog

Madden

Atkins

Khan

et al. 2022

Vet Record Case Reports

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A 9‐year‐8‐month‐old, male, neutered labrador crossbreed dog was presented for evaluation of a chronic, progressive pelvic limb ataxia and thoracolumbar hyperaesthesia. The patient was diagnosed with a T12–T13 intervertebral disc protrusion and treated surgically with a lateral corpectomy procedure. After an initial post‐operative improvement, the dog acutely deteriorated to the point of severe non‐ambulatory paraparesis, with recurrence of thoracolumbar hyperaesthesia. A computed tomography scan revealed the presence of epidural gas accumulation and haematoma at the corpectomy site, causing moderate spinal cord compression. The patient was treated conservatively with strict rest and analgesia with subsequent neurological improvement. At the recheck appointment 6 weeks after surgery, the dog had demonstrated improvement from its pre‐surgical neurological status.

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The vacuum phenomenon in intervertebral disc disease of dogs based on computed tomography images

Abstract: In dogs with intervertebral disc disease, vacuum phenomenon is a frequent but inconsistent finding. Although helpful to identify degenerated discs, it is not suitable to identify currently herniated disc with sufficient accuracy.

Cited by 18 publications

References 17 publications

Epidural Gas Accumulation in Connection with Canine Degenerative Lumbosacral Disease

Epidural Gas Accumulation in Connection with Canine Degenerative Lumbosacral Disease

Spinal dermoid sinus in a Dachshund with vertebral and thoracic limb malformations

Successful conservative management of epidural gas accumulation and haematoma formation following a lateral corpectomy in a dog

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