The utilization of tropical legumes to provide nitrogen to pastures: A review

Gimenes, FlÃ¡via Maria de Andrade; Barbosa, Henrique Zavarez; Gerdes, Luciana; Giacomini, Alessandra Aparecida; Batista, Karina; Mattos, Wilson Roberto Soares; Premazzi, Linda Mã nica; Miguel, Alberto Nagib de Vasconcellos

doi:10.5897/ajar2016.11893

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Adequate levels of all nutrients are required for optimum crop development. In practice, however, the major factor limiting grass seed production is nitrogen (Loch et al, 1999a;Flávia et al, 2017;Raij, 2011). In most cropping soils plant-available nitrogen is present in insufficient quantities to allow plants to achieve maximum yields.…”

Section: Influence Of Nitrogen Fertilizermentioning

confidence: 99%

Practical aspects of grass forage seed production and quality with particular reference to planting row spacing and nitrogen fertilization in tropical regions: A review

Gbenou¹,

Adjolohoun²,

HOUNDJO³

et al. 2018

Int. J. Bio. Chem. Sci

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The poor seed yield from some pasture grasses may result from a number of causes, such as the choice of site production, low soil fertility, inappropriate sowing rate, inadequate crop management practices particularly plant density, fertilizer input, poor seed recovery, etc. Compared with sowings of general plant use, seed crops warrant more care and expense during the establishment phase. Seedbeds should be prepared more thoroughly and the seed sown more precisely using adequate seeding rates. The effect of row spacing on the one hand and nitrogen level application on the other hand, have variable effect on grass seed production and there are a conflicting report in some cases depending on species, management practices and environmental conditions, and therefore a case-by-case study for each species and environment is important. In general, seed growers had better to sown seed in row than broadcasting and row spacing of 50-80 cm can be recommended for seed production depending on grass species or cultivars. The selection of optimal production areas depends on soil fertility, the photoperiod and temperature which can interact with rainfall and humidity of the site. The optimum sowing depths was 0-30 mm with some species and cultivars emerging from greater depths than others. With some exceptions, larger seeds were generally able to germinate successfully from greater depths. It was reported that seeds of Brachiaria brizantha and Panicum maximum established better when covered by 20-50 mm. Generally, applying fertilizer nitrogen to seed crops has implications for yield component dynamics such as tiller increasing, number of fertile tillers, floret per spikelet, and seed per head and ultimately increases seed yield and quality. Amounts of nitrogen fertilizer required will depend on species, soil type and rainfall. More often, 100-250 kg of nitrogen per ha and crop and rate more than 300 kg N/ha caused reduction in seed yield by severe plant lodging. For optimum time for nitrogen application, it can be recommended to growers to apply nitrogen in the period from vegetative to spikelet initiation.

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Section: Influence Of Nitrogen Fertilizermentioning

confidence: 99%

Practical aspects of grass forage seed production and quality with particular reference to planting row spacing and nitrogen fertilization in tropical regions: A review

Gbenou¹,

Adjolohoun²,

HOUNDJO³

et al. 2018

Int. J. Bio. Chem. Sci

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show abstract

“…Previous studies have shown that shorter pseudostems promoted a higher rate of appearance and lower phyllochron of tillers [18,19], however, this was not observed in this study. Previous studies have also shown that large inputs of N decrease the phyllochron of C4 grasses because N accelerates the sprouting of the tillers, thereby facilitating a rapid reconstitution of the leaf area [6,20]. The combination of N fertilization, canopy height of ±25 cm, high stocking rate, and short defoliation interval probably reflected a low phyllochron (or faster leaf appearance rate) in the intensive treatment, while allowing tillers to maintain their leaf area index and photoassimilate production.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Intensive Production and Management of Marandu Palisadegrass (Urochloa brizantha ‘Marandu’) Accelerates Leaf Turnover but Does Not Change Herbage Mass

et al. 2021

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Pasture intensification through higher stocking rates, nitrogen fertilization and intensified grazing management in beef cattle production optimizes pasture use by increasing the forage harvested. We aimed to assess its effects on the morphogenesis and canopy structure of Urochloa brizantha ‘Marandu’ (marandu palisadegrass) pastures. The treatments consisted of marandu palisadegrass pastures managed under continuous stocking and a canopy height of 25 cm, with different levels of intensification: extensive, semi-intensive, and intensive systems N-fertilized with 0 kg, 75 kg, and 150 kg N ha−1 year−1, respectively, as ammonium nitrate (32% of N), with four replicates (paddocks) in a completely randomized design. Phyllochron (9.8 days) and leaf lifespan (34.7 days) were shorter in intensified pastures, whereas herbage mass was similar among treatments. Extensive pastures had a higher proportion of senescent material; thus, more intensive systems showed higher proportions of leaves and stems, although the leaves-to-stem ratio remained similar across production systems. The defoliation interval was lower in intensive (14.4 days) and higher in extensive (18.7 days) treatments. Thus, pasture intensification accelerates leaf appearance, decreases leaf lifespan, shortens the tiller defoliation interval and increased herbage accumulation rate but does not change herbage mass. The extensive system produces excessive forage losses due to dead material.

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“…The foliar application of Azospirillum brasilense did not contribute to increase FA, which presented values similar to the control. Lower nitrogen availability can affect root development, photoassimilate production and, consequently, reduce the growth rate (Gimenes et al, 2017). Probably, the bacteria would need longer period to colonize and offers nitrogen inputs to the plant.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrous oxide emissions and forage accumulation in the Brazilian Amazon forage‐livestock systems submitted to N input strategies

et al. 2020

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In the Brazilian Amazon, nitrogen input strategies are required to maintain forage–livestock systems productivity. However, greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions mitigation from tropical soils is also a global demand. This research aims to assess productivity and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Oxisol cultivated with Marandu palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha [Hochst. Ex A.Rich.] Stapf) submitted to nitrogen (N) input strategies (N fertilization and biological N fixation) in the Brazilian Amazon. The treatments were the following: control (unfertilized); U40 (fertilized with 40 kg N/ha as urea); U80 (fertilized with 80 kg N/ha as urea); AS40 (fertilized with 40 kg N/ha as ammonium sulfate); AS80 (fertilized with 80 kg N/ha as ammonium sulfate); and IAB (inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense). From January to March 2016, soil N2O emission, forage accumulation (FA) and relative emission (RE) were assessed during two 28‐day cycles. The FA was greater in the U80 and AS80 than in control and IAB. The highest peaks of soil N2O flux occurred from 4 to 7 days after N fertilization, primarily in the highest N rates treatments. Overall, 40 kg N/ha resulted in higher N2O flux than control and IAB, which were lower than 80 kg N/ha regardless of the N source. The lowest fluxes occurred in the control and IAB (below 20 μg N‐N2O m−2 hr−1). All of the emission factors (EF) calculated for both fertilizers and rates were lower than 0.35%, which is below the 1% established by the IPCC. Our results indicate the need for discussion of the EF in the pasture intensification to contribute to avoid deforestation and mitigating emissions. The inputs of 40 kg N/ha per application with urea or ammonium sulfate, due to the low EF and RE, are recommended as a pasture N input strategy in the Brazilian Amazon.

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The utilization of tropical legumes to provide nitrogen to pastures: A review

Cited by 10 publications

References 25 publications

Practical aspects of grass forage seed production and quality with particular reference to planting row spacing and nitrogen fertilization in tropical regions: A review

Practical aspects of grass forage seed production and quality with particular reference to planting row spacing and nitrogen fertilization in tropical regions: A review

Intensive Production and Management of Marandu Palisadegrass (Urochloa brizantha ‘Marandu’) Accelerates Leaf Turnover but Does Not Change Herbage Mass

Nitrous oxide emissions and forage accumulation in the Brazilian Amazon forage‐livestock systems submitted to N input strategies

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