The utilization of Schardinger dextrins by the rat

Andersen, Grit; Robbins, Frederick M.; Domingues, M. Fátima; Moores, R. G.; Long, Calvin L.

doi:10.1016/0041-008x(63)90048-6

Cited by 54 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Studies in rats have shown that ␣ -CD is almost completely fermented by microfl ora in the large intestine [16,17] , and the JECFA [22] , in its recent evaluation of the safety of ␣ -CD as a food ingredient, concluded that the abdominal discomfort associated with the consumption of ␣ -CD is due partly to the production of fermentation by-products, and partly because of the osmotic effect of ␣ -CD drawing water into the small intestine to maintain isotonicity. It therefore follows that intestinal tolerance would not only be determined by the dose of ␣ -CD, but also by the dose of co-ingested starch and the magnitude of the amylaseinhibitory effect of ␣ -CD, which in turn may be modulated by a number of other factors, including the characteristics of the starch, the pH of the small intestine and the presence of other nutrients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since ␣ -CD is essentially not digested in the small intestine, it is by defi nition a dietary fi bre, or more precisely, a soluble, fermentable dietary fi bre. However, almost complete fermentation and hydrolysis by microbial enzymes to form short-chain fatty acids occurs in the large intestine [16,17] . The CDs have been shown to inhibit pancreatic amylase activity [18,19] , and it is therefore plausible that they may inhibit the hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates in the small intestine, leading to a reduced post-prandial glucose response when added to a meal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dose-Dependent Inhibition of the Post-Prandial Glycaemic Response to a Standard Carbohydrate Meal following Incorporation of Alpha-Cyclodextrin

et al. 2006

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Background: This study evaluated the dose-response effects of α-cyclodextrin, a cyclic oligosaccharide, on the glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to the consumption of a standard carbohydrate meal. Methods: In a double-blind, randomised, cross-over design, 10 healthy subjects consumed boiled white rice containing 50 g of digestible carbohydrate to which 0 (control), 2, 5 or 10 g of α-cyclodextrin was added. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were determined prior to and for 2 h after consumption of each meal. Results: The area under the plasma glucose curve was negatively related to the dose of α-cyclodextrin (r² = 0.97, p = 0.02), with the areas being significantly reduced at the 5- and 10-gram doses compared with the control (p < 0.05). α-Cyclodextrin did not affect the area under the plasma insulin curve (p = 0.39). Higher doses of α-cyclodextrin resulted in greater satiety, but were associated with reduced palatability and an increased incidence of minor gastrointestinal complaints (stomach ache, nausea, bloating). Conclusion: α-Cyclodextrin reduces the glycaemic response to a standard carbohydrate meal in a dose-dependent manner and may be useful as an ingredient for reducing the glycaemic impact of such foods.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dose-Dependent Inhibition of the Post-Prandial Glycaemic Response to a Standard Carbohydrate Meal following Incorporation of Alpha-Cyclodextrin

et al. 2006

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“…Earlier metabolism studies of a-CD in rats have provided evidence for the non-digestibility of a-CD also in vivo (Andersen et al, 1963;Satoh, 1983, 1985). However, the numbers of animals used in these studies were small (2-6 rats/treatment), some of the experimental conditions were unrealistic (excessively high doses of a-CD, restricted feeding regime) or not reported in sufficient detail, and the results with regard to the fermentability of a-CD by the intestinal microbiota were conflicting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Disposition of 14C-α-cyclodextrin in germ-free and conventional rats

Ommen

Bie

Bär³

2004

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

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The absorption, disposition, metabolism, and excretion of uniformly (14)C-labeled alpha-cyclodextrin ((14)C-alpha-CD) was examined in four separate experiments with Wistar rats. In Experiment 1, (14)C-alpha-CD (25 microCi, 50 mg/kg bw) was administered intravenously to four male and four female conventional rats. In Experiment 2, (14)C-alpha-CD (25 microCi, 200 mg/kg bw) was given by gavage to four male and four female germ-free rats. In Experiments 3 and 4, (14)C-alpha-CD was given to groups of four male and four female conventional rats by gavage at different dose levels (100 microCi, 200 mg/kg bw; 25 microCi, 200 and 100 mg/kg bw). In all experiments, (14)C was measured in respiratory CO(2), urine, and feces over periods of 24-48 h, and in the contents of the gastrointestinal tract, blood, main organs, and residual carcass at termination of the experiments. The chemical identity of the (14)C-labeled compounds was examined by HPLC in blood (Experiment 1), urine (Experiments 1-4), feces (Experiments 2-4), and samples of intestinal contents (Experiments 2 and 4). Recovered (14)C was expressed as percentage of the administered dose. Experiment 1 showed that intravenously administered alpha-CD is excreted rapidly with urine. During the first 2h after dosing, plasma (14)C levels decreased rapidly (t(1/2), 26 and 21 min in male and female rats, respectively). About 13% of the administered (14)C dose (range 4.6-30.6) was detected in the feces, respiratory CO(2), organs, and carcass at the end of the experiment, i.e., 24 h after dosing. The presence of about 1.9% in the intestinal contents and feces suggests that a certain fraction of systemic alpha-CD is eliminated with the bile or saliva. Conclusive evidence, either positive or negative, for a hydrolysis and further metabolism of a small fraction of the administered alpha-CD by the enzymes of the mammalian body could not be gained from this experiment. Upon oral administration of (14)C-alpha-CD to germ-free rats (Experiment 2), about 1.3% of the label expired as CO(2) within 24 h. In the urine collected from 0 to 8 h after dosing, (14)C-alpha-CD was the only radiolabeled compound detected. The amounts of alpha-CD detected in the urine suggest that on average about 1% of an oral dose is absorbed in rats during small-intestinal passage. In conventional rats (Experiments 3 and 4), a delayed appearance of respiratory (14)CO(2) was observed which is attributed to the non-digestibility of alpha-CD and its subsequent microbial fermentation in the cecum and colon. In the urine collected at 4 h after dosing, a small amount of unchanged (14)C-alpha-CD was detected which confirms that about 1% of the ingested alpha-CD is absorbed intact and is excreted via the kidneys. No (14)C-alpha-CD was found in the feces. It is concluded from the data that ingested (14)C-alpha-CD is not digested in the small intestine of rats but is fermented completely by the intestinal microbiota to absorbable short-chain fatty acids. Therefore, the metabolism of alpha-CD resembles closely that of resist...

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“…While b -CD is not hydrolyzed by the salivary or pancreatic a -amylase (Andersen et al 1983;Suzuki and Sato 1985), it is fermented in mammalian large intestine to glucose and oligosaccharides by resident micro ora (Suzuki and Sato 1985;Levrat et al 1994) and humans (Flourie et al 1993;Antenucci and Palmer 1984). b -CD is negligibly hydrolyzed in and slightly absorbed from the stomach and small intestine (Andersen et al 1983;Antenucci and Palmer 1984;Flourie et al 1993).…”

Section: Introduction To Cyclodextrinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…b -CD is negligibly hydrolyzed in and slightly absorbed from the stomach and small intestine (Andersen et al 1983;Antenucci and Palmer 1984;Flourie et al 1993). Following oral administration of b -CD in humans, only traces are recovered in stools (Flourie et al 1993).…”

Section: Introduction To Cyclodextrinsmentioning

confidence: 99%