The Utilization of Energy Producing Nutriment and Protein as Affected by Individual Nutrient Deficiencies

Forbes, E. B.; Swift, R. W.; Black, Alex; Kahlenberg, O. J.

doi:10.1093/jn/10.5.461

Cited by 39 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Kleiber (1961, page 277) defines the net energy available for maintenance, growth, work, and milk production as being the remainder of ingested energy after subtracting the energy lost in feces (leaving digested energy), urine and methane (leaving metabolizable energy), and the calorigenic effect of foods (leaving net energy). Digested energy is about 90% of ingested energy for rats fed on diets lacking crude fiber (Forbes et al, 1935 andCrampton et al, 1951) while metabolizable energy is from SO to 90% of ingested energy (Forbes et al, 1935). Because squirrels were feeding on an apparently preferred high energy diet, it is safe to assume that they digested a high percentage of their food and that the calorigenic effect of assimilating the food was low.…”

Section: Individual Daily Energy Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Adaptive Nature of Social Organization in the Genus of Three Squirrels Tamiasciurus

Smith¹

1968

Ecological Monographs

493

398

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Section: Individual Daily Energy Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Adaptive Nature of Social Organization in the Genus of Three Squirrels Tamiasciurus

Smith¹

1968

Ecological Monographs

493

398

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“…Mitchell & Jagusch, 1972). This lack of response may be accounted for by the relatively-lower voluntary feed intake of preruminant animals, so that no excess energy is available to be stored as fat (Fowler, 1974). In this regard, Hodge (1974) has shown that the voluntary energy intake of sucking pigs exceeds that of preruminant lambs by over 50% during the first 5-8 weeks of life.…”

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confidence: 99%

Body composition of animals during sucking and the immediate post-weaning period

Walker

1986

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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“…total calorimeter time during the feeding period, we have controlled the activity by passing skewers over the bird's back when it is sitting down on the perch in the calorimeter to prevent it rising; thus there are no periods of standing which would have to be excluded from the results. Forbes et al-(1935) deduced indirectly from their experiments on the effect of an inadequate supply of proteins on the thermic energy, that the extra heat production caused by the lack of balance of a ration low in protein could only be accounted for as increased activity. Hamilton (1939) could not confirm this by direct experiments.…”

Section: Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on the metabolism of fowls: III. The determination of the comparative nett energy of Sussex ground oats and white maize meal for fattening cockerels

Deighton¹,

Hutchinson²

1940

J. Agric. Sci.

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INTRODUCTIONTHERE are two fairly well-defined methods for measuring the thermic energy of a feeding-stuff. In the first, the animal is maintained at a steady level of metabolism either by starving it or by feeding it for a period at a maintenance level, and a single feed of the ration to be investigated is then given. The total extra heat produced above the steady level is measured and taken as the thermic energy. Alternatively, in the second method, the feeding-stuff under investigation is fed steadily over a definite period in addition to the basal ration, if any, and the rise in heat production per day over the basal period is determined.The older work on Specific Dynamic Action is mostly based on the first method, and it has been used more recently by Hamilton (1939). For the comparison of rations for feeding purposes there are three objections to the first method. First, the experiments of the present writers described in paper II of this series confirm the observations of Barott (1938) and other workers, that there is a diurnal rhythm of metabolism causing a variation in its level at different times of day, and that there is therefore no steady level of metabolism in fowls to which the observations may be referred. In the second place, for application to feeding practice it is necessary to find the effect when the ration is being fed to an animal over a period, which should, strictly speaking, be comparable in length with that for which it is proposed to feed the ration in practice. In some experiments by the first method these conditions are fulfilled by measuring the heat produced by a single feed following a period of starvation after the animal has been fed for a considerable time beforehand on the experimental ration (Hamilton, 464Studies on the Metabolism of Fowls 1939). In this connexion it is permissible to refer to the recently published work of Mollgaard & Thorbek (1938), who find that the acid in A.I.V. silage, if not neutralized, has a powerful depressant effect on the NK t value of this silage for cows, most probably due to cumulative acidosis. This effect would presumably not appear if a single feed only of the silage were given. A third objection to the method is that the value for the nett energy obtained cannot be related to any particular plane of nutrition. In view of what has been said we have adopted the second and more usual method in this work. It may be added that the possibility of a variation in the nett energy value with time envisaged in the experiments mentioned may possibly be concerned in the cases -where nett energy varies as between animals of the same species, which have led one of the authors (T. D.) to conclude that it is an average value of a variable rather than a constant.The object of the experiments described in this paper was to gain information as to whether the nett energy value of cereals for fowls depended only on their content of digestible or metabolizable nutrients, or if definite differences exist in the quantity of thermic energy produced by equal quantit...

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The Utilization of Energy Producing Nutriment and Protein as Affected by Individual Nutrient Deficiencies

Cited by 39 publications

References 0 publications

The Adaptive Nature of Social Organization in the Genus of Three Squirrels Tamiasciurus

The Adaptive Nature of Social Organization in the Genus of Three Squirrels Tamiasciurus

Body composition of animals during sucking and the immediate post-weaning period

Studies on the metabolism of fowls: III. The determination of the comparative nett energy of Sussex ground oats and white maize meal for fattening cockerels

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