“…The clinical use of the Wiener and Harmon (Wiener, 1948) Subtle and Obvious scales has had a long and controversial history. Originally developed to detect deviant test-taking attitudes in the MMPI, the clinical utility of the Subtle and Obvious scales is questionable, as research that used the original MMPI clearly has shown (Dannenbaum & Lanyon, 1993;Herkov, Archer, & Gordon, 1991;Peterson, Clark, & Bennett, 1989;Rogers, 1983;Schretlen, 1988Schretlen, , 1990Wrobel & Lachar, 1982) and MMPI-2 (Berry, Baer, & Harris, 1991;Boone, 1994a;Butcher, 1989;Graham, Watts, & Timbrook, 1991;Herkov, Gordon, Gynther, & Greer, 1994;Peterson et al, 1989;Timbrook, Graham, & Watts, 1993;Weed, Ben-Porath, & Butcher, 1990). To summarize, the Subtle and Obvious scales "have led to ambiguous identification of faking" (Dubinsky, Gamble, & Rogers, 1985, p. 67) and may "attenuate the validity of the Full Scale by introducing variance that is not related to variance in the criterion measure" (Weed et al, 1990, p. 12).…”