The utility of different acoustic indicators to describe biological sounds of a coral reef soundscape

Dimoff, Sean A.; Halliday, William D.; Pine, Matthew K.; Tietjen, Kristina L.; Juanes, Francis; Baum, Julia K.

doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107435

Cited by 17 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…There are over 70 published acoustic indices used for a variety of research questions (Buxton et al, 2018). These approaches have had mixed results, especially in marine environments (Buxton et al, 2018;Dimoff et al, 2021;Nguyen Hong et al, 2021). Further, variation in sound levels measured by these indices can be driven by different features (biological, anthropogenic, or abiotic) and in some cases the indices do not distinguish between these features.…”

Section: Current Approaches To Characterization Of Marine Soundscapesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In some cases, classification was derived from band-level indices (e.g., Širović et al, 2015;Oestreich et al, 2020). When the training data are insufficient, additional exemplars can be added by transforming the true signals (and labeling them as false) or adding different types and amounts (Barchiesi et al, 2015;Benetos et al, 2015;Shane et al, 2015;Zabalza et al, 2015;Freeman and Freeman, 2016;Lin et al, 2017a,b;Lin et al, , 2019Lin et al, , 2021Tsao, 2018, 2020;Colonna et al, 2018;Guan et al, 2018;Reis et al, 2018;Seger et al, 2018;Virtanen et al, 2018;Abeßer, 2020;Gatto et al, 2020;Mooney et al, 2020;Shajahan et al, 2020;Xie et al, 2020;Dias et al, 2021;Dimoff et al, 2021;Gabrielli et al, 2021;Ick and McFee, 2021;Ozanich et al, 2021).…”

Section: Analytical Approaches To Soundscape Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The literature referenced simply serve as examples, and not an exhaustive or systematic search of the literature. References cited in the table:(Barchiesi et al, 2015;Benetos et al, 2015;Shane et al, 2015;Zabalza et al, 2015;Freeman and Freeman, 2016; Lin et al, 2017a,b;Lin et al, , 2019Lin et al, , 2021 Tsao, 2018, 2020;Colonna et al, 2018;Guan et al, 2018;Reis et al, 2018;Seger et al, 2018;Virtanen et al, 2018;Abeßer, 2020;Gatto et al, 2020;Mooney et al, 2020;Shajahan et al, 2020;Xie et al, 2020;Dias et al, 2021;Dimoff et al, 2021;Gabrielli et al, 2021;Ick and McFee, 2021;Ozanich et al, 2021).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Advancing the Interpretation of Shallow Water Marine Soundscapes

et al. 2021

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Soundscapes offer rich descriptions of composite acoustic environments. Characterizing marine soundscapes simply through sound levels results in incomplete descriptions, limits the understanding of unique features, and impedes meaningful comparisons. Sources that contribute to sound level metrics shift in time and space with changes in biological patterns, physical forces, and human activity. The presence of a constant or chronic source is often interwoven with episodic sounds. Further, the presence and intensity of sources can influence other sources, calling for a more integrated approach to characterizing soundscapes. Here, we illustrate this complexity using data from a national-scale effort, the Sanctuary Soundscape Monitoring Project (SanctSound), an initiative designed to support collection of biological, environmental, and human use data to compliment the interpretation of sound level measurements. Using nine examples from this diverse dataset we demonstrate the benefit of integrating source identification and site features to interpret sound levels across a diversity of shallow water marine soundscapes (<150 m). Sound levels from sites in high human use areas reflect the anthropogenic influences on the soundscape, especially when measuring broad frequency bands, whereas sites with relatively low human activity and high sound levels reveal biological features of the soundscape. At sites with large tidal changes, sound levels correlated with the magnitude of tidal flow, and sound levels during high tidal flow periods were similar to sound levels at sites near commercial shipping lanes. At sites in relatively close proximity (<30 km), sound levels diverge because of the presence of different proximate sound contributors and propagation features of the site. A review of emerging methodologies for integrated soundscape analysis, including acoustic scenes, provides a framework for interpreting soundscapes across a variety of conditions. With a global growth in monitoring efforts collecting standardized measurements over widely distributed arrays, more integrated methods are needed to advance the utility of soundscapes in marine resource management.

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Section: Current Approaches To Characterization Of Marine Soundscapesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Analytical Approaches To Soundscape Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advancing the Interpretation of Shallow Water Marine Soundscapes

et al. 2021

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“…Both sites exhibited crepuscular peaks in SPL consistent with a typical reef chorus of fish and snapping shrimp (Cato, 1978;McCauley, 2012;Buscaino et al, 2016;Dimoff et al, 2021). Examination of LTSA plots revealed a distinct crepuscular pattern of increased amplitude between ∼4 and 18 kHz, consistent with snapping shrimp behavior in other soundscapes (Pieretti et al, 2017).…”

Section: Biological Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 64%

Biological Sound Sources Drive Soundscape Characteristics of Two Australian Marine Parks

et al. 2021

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Soundscapes represent an intrinsic aspect of a habitat which, particularly in protected areas, should be monitored and managed to mitigate human impacts. Soundscape ecology characterizes acoustic interactions within an environment, integrating biological, anthropogenic, climatological, and geological sound sources. Monitoring soundscapes in marine protected areas is particularly important due to the reliance of many marine species on sound for biological functions, including communication and reproduction. In this study we establish a baseline understanding of underwater soundscapes within two marine National Park Zones (NPZs) along the east coast of Australia: Cod Grounds Marine Park and an NPZ surrounding Pimpernel Rock within Solitary Islands Marine Park. In each of the NPZs, underwater recorders were deployed twice during the austral winter (33–35 days, 2018 and 60–69 days, 2019) and once during the austral summer (35–71 days, 2018–2019). We used the resulting acoustic recordings to determine hourly presence of anthropogenic and biological sounds between 20 Hz and 24 kHz and analyze their contributions to patterns of received sound levels. Sounds from vessels were recorded on most days throughout monitoring but were not found to influence long-term patterns of sound levels over their corresponding frequencies. Biological sources included dolphins, snapping shrimp, fish choruses, humpback whales, and dwarf minke whales. Dolphins, snapping shrimp, and fish choruses were present in all deployments. Median ambient sound levels showed a consistent diel pattern with increased levels resulting from crepuscular fish choruses combined with a higher intensity of snapping shrimp snaps during those times. Singing humpback whales strongly influenced the overall sound levels throughout the winter migration, while dwarf minke whales were consistently detected in the 2019 winter deployment but were only present in 2 h among the earlier deployments. Patterns of acoustic spectra were similar between the two NPZs, and patterns of soundscape measurements were observed to be driven by seasonal differences in biological contributions rather than anthropogenic sound sources, indicating that these NPZs are not yet heavily impacted by anthropogenic noise. These baseline measurements will prove invaluable in long-term monitoring of the biological health of NPZs.

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“…Examples of recent research related to PAM in the aquatic environment is the segmentation of dolphin vocalizations [7], aiming at finding regions of interest in long-time audio files, a task that is costly and time consuming when performed by humans. The use of acoustic indicators to monitor coral reefs [8] is another example of research on PAM in the aquatic environment. In another vein, Rountree et al [9] highlighted the importance of acoustic monitoring in freshwater, an area in which there are many research gaps to be explored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Importance of Passive Acoustic Monitoring Filters

Aguiar

Maguolo

Nanni

et al. 2021

JMSE

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Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) is a noninvasive technique to supervise wildlife. Acoustic surveillance is preferable in some situations such as in the case of marine mammals, when the animals spend most of their time underwater, making it hard to obtain their images. Machine learning is very useful for PAM, for example to identify species based on audio recordings. However, some care should be taken to evaluate the capability of a system. We defined PAM filters as the creation of the experimental protocols according to the dates and locations of the recordings, aiming to avoid the use of the same individuals, noise patterns, and recording devices in both the training and test sets. It is important to remark that the filters proposed here were not intended to improve the accuracy rates. Indeed, these filters tended to make it harder to obtain better rates, but at the same time, they tended to provide more reliable results. In our experiments, a random division of a database presented accuracies much higher than accuracies obtained with protocols generated with PAM filters, which indicates that the classification system learned other components presented in the audio. Although we used the animal vocalizations, in our method, we converted the audio into spectrogram images, and after that, we described the images using the texture. These are well-known techniques for audio classification, and they have already been used for species classification. Furthermore, we performed statistical tests to demonstrate the significant difference between the accuracies generated with and without PAM filters with several well-known classifiers. The configuration of our experimental protocols and the database were made available online.

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The utility of different acoustic indicators to describe biological sounds of a coral reef soundscape

Cited by 17 publications

References 53 publications

Advancing the Interpretation of Shallow Water Marine Soundscapes

Advancing the Interpretation of Shallow Water Marine Soundscapes

Biological Sound Sources Drive Soundscape Characteristics of Two Australian Marine Parks

On the Importance of Passive Acoustic Monitoring Filters

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