“…Type 2 has the gastrocnemius aponeuroses directly insert into the aponeuroses of the soleus [16]. The exact cause of AT is currently unknown; however, the main cause is thought to be excessive and receptive stress to the tendon itself [16,17]. Excessive heel striking while running is believed to cause a ''whipping action'' on the tendon that causes inflammation and/or degenerative damage to the tendon, predisposing it to tendinopathy [18].…”
Purpose of Review: This is a comprehensive literature review of the available evidence and techniques of foot injections for chronic pain conditions. It briefly describes common foot chronic pain syndromes and then reviews available injection techniques for each of these syndromes, weighing the available evidence and comparing the available approaches. Recent Findings: Foot and ankle pain affects 20% of the population over 50 and significantly impairs mobility and ability to participate in activities of daily living (ADLs), as well as increases fall risk. It is commonly treated with costly surgery, at times with questionable efficacy. Injection therapy is challenging when the etiology is anatomical or compressive. Morton's neuroma is a budging of the interdigital nerve. Steroid, alcohol, and capsaicin injections Enhanced Digital Features To view enhanced digital features for this article go to https://doi.org/10.6084/ m9.figshare.11836971.
“…Type 2 has the gastrocnemius aponeuroses directly insert into the aponeuroses of the soleus [16]. The exact cause of AT is currently unknown; however, the main cause is thought to be excessive and receptive stress to the tendon itself [16,17]. Excessive heel striking while running is believed to cause a ''whipping action'' on the tendon that causes inflammation and/or degenerative damage to the tendon, predisposing it to tendinopathy [18].…”
Purpose of Review: This is a comprehensive literature review of the available evidence and techniques of foot injections for chronic pain conditions. It briefly describes common foot chronic pain syndromes and then reviews available injection techniques for each of these syndromes, weighing the available evidence and comparing the available approaches. Recent Findings: Foot and ankle pain affects 20% of the population over 50 and significantly impairs mobility and ability to participate in activities of daily living (ADLs), as well as increases fall risk. It is commonly treated with costly surgery, at times with questionable efficacy. Injection therapy is challenging when the etiology is anatomical or compressive. Morton's neuroma is a budging of the interdigital nerve. Steroid, alcohol, and capsaicin injections Enhanced Digital Features To view enhanced digital features for this article go to https://doi.org/10.6084/ m9.figshare.11836971.
“…If no intervention is performed, the Achilles tendon may experience an inexorable downward spiral to “spontaneous” tendon rupture. Overall, these disorders result in several billion dollars in annual healthcare costs and lost productivity …”
Achilles tendon ste-RS-EPI DTI can non-invasively detect the tendinopathy-induced changes to microstructural integrity, consistent with the disruption of collagen arrangement and increased cellularity. This study demonstrated the robustness and sensitivity of the proposed protocol in Achilles tendinopathy.
“…Threads are tied together after prior tension in plantar flexion of about 20°. Correctness of the Achilles tendon tension is controlled by palpation and the Thompson test, which has been confirmed as the strongest diagnostic test of all measures for assessment the Achilles Tendon injuries [ 20 ]. Fig.…”
BackgroundPlantaris tendon, peronus brevis tendon and flexor hallucis longus tendon augmentation, commonly used in Achilles tendon rupture, often lead to weakening of injured foot and they require the immobilization after the surgery. It is essential to develop the technique, which gives no such limitation and allows for immediate functional improvement.MethodsWe present our method of minimally invasive, endoscopic Achilles tendon reconstruction using semitendinosus and gracilis tendons with Endobutton stabilization.ResultsPosterolateral and posteromedial portals were made approximately 3 cm above the posterosuperior part of the calcaneus to clean the area of the Achilles tendon endoscopically. Then the hamstrings are harvested and prepared for the “Endobutton” system. A midline incision of the skin is performed approximately 1 cm above the posterosuperior part of the calcaneus to approach to the posterosuperior part of the calcaneus. Then under fluoroscopy the calcaneus was drilled through using K-wire. The distal end of the graft equipped with an Endobutton loop was entered into the drilled tunnel in the calcaneus. Later, 8 consecutive skin incisions are performed. Proximal ends of the graft were brought out through the native Achilles tendon reaching medial and lateral skin incisions. The final step was to transfer and tie the graft ends through the most proximal skin incision.ConclusionsThis minimally invasive, endoscopic technique allows reconstruction of the Achilles tendon using semitendinosus and gracilis tendons with Endobutton stabilization and can be used in so-called “difficult”, resistant cases as a “salvage procedure”.
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