The Utility of Breastmilk for Genetic or Genomic Studies: A Systematic Review

Baumgartel, Kelley L.; Conley, Yvette P.

doi:10.1089/bfm.2012.0054

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Although little is known about the factors influencing expression of the efflux transporters in the mammary gland, data are emerging that associates this variability to epigenetic factors 57,60 . Epigenetic mechanisms biochemically alter the DNA such that the DNA sequence is unaltered, but gene expression is affected via changes in their accessibility to replicating mechanisms in response to various environmental factors 29,61 . Some common and best‐known epigenetic mechanisms in humans include DNA methylation, post‐translational modifications of histone proteins and modulation of gene expression by noncoding RNAs 62 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 57 , 60 Epigenetic mechanisms biochemically alter the DNA such that the DNA sequence is unaltered, but gene expression is affected via changes in their accessibility to replicating mechanisms in response to various environmental factors. 29 , 61 Some common and best‐known epigenetic mechanisms in humans include DNA methylation, post‐translational modifications of histone proteins and modulation of gene expression by noncoding RNAs. 62 Genetic polymorphism related to the ABCG2 gene is attributed to the differences in response to chemotherapy in breast cancer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, all five timepoints are available for only 10 participants. Factors that may influence gene expression and/or breastmilk composition which include fore versus hind milk, maternal drug/alcohol use, maternal and infant infection, differences in pumps used (or manual expression), maternal diet and maternal general health were controlled 29 . All participants were healthy and were not taking any prescribed medications during the study period.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Factors that may influence gene expression and/or breastmilk composition which include fore versus hind milk, maternal drug/alcohol use, maternal and infant infection, differences in pumps used (or manual expression), maternal diet and maternal general health were controlled. 29 All participants were healthy and were not taking any prescribed medications during the study period. At the time of sample collection, the breastfeeding dyads were required to be healthy with no signs of local or systemic infections as infections are known to affect the cellular composition of breastmilk.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Are active efflux transporters contributing to infant drug exposure via breastmilk? A longitudinal study

Ahmadzai

Tee

Crowe

2022

Basic Clin Pharma Tox

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Although most drugs are considered safe and compatible with breastfeeding, cases of toxic drug exposure have been reported. Active efflux transporters have been implicated as a mechanism in the transfer of drugs from mother to baby via breastmilk. Using breastmilk as a source of human mammary epithelial cells, this novel longitudinal study investigated the expression of four active transporters, namely, MDR1, MRP1, MRP2 and BCRP in the lactating human breast. BCRP gene was found to be strongly overexpressed with levels peaking at 5 months postpartum, potentially indicating a time where a breastfed infant may be at risk of inadvertent exposure to BCRP substrates. Serum albumin, a major component of human breastmilk was increasingly downregulated as lactation progresses. Xanthine oxidase/dehydrogenase, an enzyme in breastmilk attributed to a reduced risk of gastroenteritis caused by Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritides, was downregulated. Lysozyme and fatty acid synthase are progressively upregulated. This study also shows that breastmilk-derived epithelial cells, when propagated in culture, exhibit characteristics significantly different to those derived directly from breastmilk. This serves to warn that in vitro studies are not a true representation of in vivo processes in the lactating breast; hence, application of in vitro data should be conducted with caution.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Are active efflux transporters contributing to infant drug exposure via breastmilk? A longitudinal study

Ahmadzai

Tee

Crowe

2022

Basic Clin Pharma Tox

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“…A limitation of this study was that the method of milk collection was not identical among subjects (i.e. the time of day milk was expressed, the type of pump used, the elapsed time between milk donation and processing); thus, milk volumes and composition may have varied in accordance with these considerations, but this was probably non-differential by biopsy diagnosis and therefore should not affect our results [30]. By analyzing TGF-β2 as a ratio to total protein levels, we tried to minimize the impact of variation in collection timing and methods, and our results showed that conclusions derived from interpretation of these ratios were similar to those for absolute TGF-β2 levels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of TGF-β2 levels in breast milk with severity of breast biopsy diagnosis

Yang

Schneider

Chisholm

et al. 2015

Cancer Causes Control

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Purpose TGF-β plays a dual role in breast carcinogenesis, acting at early stages as tumor-suppressors and later as tumor-promoters. TGF-β isoforms are expressed in breast tissues and secreted in milk, suggesting that analysis of levels in milk might be informative for breast cancer risk. Accordingly, we assessed TGF-β2 levels in milk from women who had undergone a breast biopsy and related the concentrations to diagnosis. Methods Milk donated by women who had undergone or were scheduled for a breast biopsy was shipped on ice for processing and testing. Breast cancer risk factors were obtained through a self-administered questionnaire and biopsy diagnoses were extracted from pathology reports. TGF-β2 levels in milk, assessed as absolute levels and in relation to total protein, were analyzed in bilateral samples donated by 182 women. Linear regression was used to estimate relationships of log transformed TGF-β2 levels and TGF-β2:total protein ratios to biopsy category. Results Milk TGF-β2 levels from biopsied and non-biopsied breasts within women were highly correlated (r2=0.77). Higher mean TGF-β2 milk levels (based on average of bilateral samples) were marginally associated with more severe breast pathological diagnosis, after adjusting for duration of nursing current child (adjusted p-trend=0.07). Conclusions Our exploratory analysis suggests a borderline significant association between higher mean TGF-β2 levels in breast milk and more severe pathologic diagnoses. Further analysis of TGF-β signaling in milk may increase understanding of post-partum re-modeling and advance efforts to analyze milk as a means of assessing risk of breast pathology.

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Potential of breastmilk analysis to inform early events in breast carcinogenesis: rationale and considerations

Murphy

Sherman

Browne

et al. 2016

Breast Cancer Res Treat

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This review summarizes methods related to the study of human breastmilk in etiologic and biomarkers research. Despite the importance of reproductive factors in breast carcinogenesis, factors that act early in life are difficult to study because young women rarely require breast imaging or biopsy, and analysis of critical circulating factors (e.g. hormones) is often complicated by the requirement to accurately account for menstrual cycle date. Accordingly, novel approaches are needed to understand how events such as pregnancy, breastfeeding, weaning, and post-weaning breast remodeling influence breast cancer risk. Analysis of breastmilk offers opportunities to understand mechanisms related to carcinogenesis in the breast, and to identify risk markers that may inform efforts to identify high-risk women early in the carcinogenic process. In addition, analysis of breastmilk could have value in early detection or diagnosis of breast cancer. In this article we describe the potential for using breastmilk to characterize the microenvironment of the lactating breast with the goal of advancing research on risk assessment, prevention, and detection of breast cancer.

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The Utility of Breastmilk for Genetic or Genomic Studies: A Systematic Review

Cited by 9 publications

References 32 publications

Are active efflux transporters contributing to infant drug exposure via breastmilk? A longitudinal study

Are active efflux transporters contributing to infant drug exposure via breastmilk? A longitudinal study

Association of TGF-β2 levels in breast milk with severity of breast biopsy diagnosis

Potential of breastmilk analysis to inform early events in breast carcinogenesis: rationale and considerations

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