The Utilisation of Pholiota nameko, Hypsizygus marmoreus, and Hericium erinaceus Spent Mushroom Substrates in Pleurotus ostreatus Cultivation

Abstract

The feasibility of utilising spent mushroom substrates (SMSs) as a growing medium component for Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation was investigated. P. ostreatus was cultivated on traditional wheat straw (control) and wheat straw substrate supplemented with SMSs from Pholiota nameko (N-SMS), Hypsizygus marmoreus (M-SMS), and Hericium erinaceus (E-SMS) in varying supplementation rates (10%, 20%, and 30%). The yield, biological efficiency (BE), dry matter, and protein content of P. ostreatus fruiting bodies grown on ten substrates were evaluated. Significant differences in yield, BE, protein content, and dry matter of P. ostreatus were found among the studied substrates. The highest yield was recorded in 20% E-SMS (254.33 g), 20% N-SMS (253.43 g), and 10% E-SMS (251.67 g). The biological efficiency ranged from 66.48% (30% M-SMS) to 72.67% (20% E-SMS) and followed a similar trend to yield. The highest protein content was recorded in 30% M-SMS (29.93 g∙100 g dry weight−1). The highest dry matter of P. ostreatus was noticed in 30% of M-SMS (23.74 g) and 10% of M-SMS (23.06 g). Therefore, the spent mushroom substrates of Ph. nameko, H. marmoreus, and H. erinaceus could be used as a potential, low-cost sustainable alternative (10–30%) and as a renewable component of traditional growing media for P. ostreatus cultivation.

Physico-chemical characterization of lignocellulosic wastes used in the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus

“…Increases in available carbohydrates, ash and others, such as nitrogen, are interesting for the reuse of these substrates in animal feed (Ivarsson et al, 2021), in a new mushroom cultivation (Lisiecka, Prasad;Jasinska, 2021), or as a bio-fertilizer (Carmo et al, 2021).…”

Spent substrate from mushroom cultivation: exploitation potential toward various applications and value-added products

“…In several cases, similar [ 27 , 29 , 40 , 44 , 50 ] or even higher [ 26 , 28 , 45 ] values of biological efficiencies (ΒΕ; percentage ratio of fresh mushroom weight over the dry weight of the respective substrate) were recorded in substrates containing SMS deriving from the cultivation of either the same or other mushroom species when compared to conventional (used for the first time) substrates. However, in some studies, it was also reported that the incorporation of high amounts of SMS in the new cultivation medium or the casing layer negatively affected the mushrooms’ final yield [ 30 , 36 , 37 , 42 ], which could be mainly attributed to the low content of nutrients or to inadequate supplementation of the spent substrates.…”

Combined Dairy Manure-Food Waste Digestate as a Medium for Pleurotus djamor—Mineral Composition in Substrate and Bioaccumulation of Elements in Fruiting Bodies

“…Several studies have demonstrated the possible cultivation of Pleurotus spp. on non-traditional substrates, including spent mushroom substrate [21], agave bagasse [22], olive-mill wastes [23], winery and olive will waste [24], rice-bran and food waste compost [25] as well as anaerobically digested plant and agro-residues [26]. The cultivation of Pleurotus spp.…”

“…The cultivation of Pleurotus spp. on straw-based and other agro-waste-derived substrates has been extensively studied [11,18,27,28], while the scientific reports on utilising non-traditional substrate substitutes derived from neglected waste streams, for instance, spent mushroom substrates [21] or combined dairy manurefood waste digestate [20], for mushroom cultivation is still in their infancy.…”

“…SMS is often considered as a farm/agro-waste [42,43]. To reduce the problems associated with accumulating amounts of SMS, the potential utilisation of this material in subsequent mushroom production is the best and most economically viable method [21,44], which can result in sustainable use of waste resources, generating a circular economy [44][45][46][47].…”