The uses of intelligence tests.

Terman, Lewis M.

doi:10.1037/10014-001

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…aspects regardless of the "two kinds of intelligence" (Ackerman, 1996(Ackerman, , 2000Carroll, 1993). The asymmetry in assessment results from two central premises of early intelligence research: Mental ability is innate and stable across the life span (e.g., Terman, 1916). Later empirical research demonstrated that both of these notions are questionable (Nisbett et al, 2012; for detailed discussions, see also Sternberg & Grigorenko, 2005;Nisbett, 2009).…”

Section: Psychological and Pedagogical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investment and intellect: A review and meta-analysis.

Stumm

Ackerman

2013

Psychological Bulletin

262

271

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Cognitive or intellectual investment theories propose that the development of intelligence is partially influenced by personality traits, in particular by so-called investment traits that determine when, where, and how people invest their time and effort in their intellect. This investment, in turn, is thought to contribute to individual differences in cognitive growth and the accumulation of knowledge across the life span. We reviewed the psychological literature and identified 34 trait constructs and corresponding scales that refer to intellectual investment. The dispositional constructs were further classified into 8 related trait categories that span the construct space of intellectual investment. Subsequently, we sought to estimate the association between the identified investment traits and indicators of adult intellect, including measures of crystallized intelligence, academic performance (e.g., grade point average), college entry tests, and acquired knowledge. A meta-analysis of 112 studies with 236 coefficients and an overall sample of 60,097 participants indicated that investment traits were mostly positively associated with adult intellect markers. Meta-analytic coefficients ranged considerably, from 0 to .58, with an average estimate of .30. We concluded that investment traits are overall positively related to adult intellect; the strength of investment-intellect associations differs across trait scales and markers of intellect; and investment traits have a diverse, multifaceted nature. The meta-analysis also identified areas of inquiry that are currently lacking in empirical research. Limitations, implications, and future directions are discussed.

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Section: Psychological and Pedagogical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investment and intellect: A review and meta-analysis.

Stumm

Ackerman

2013

Psychological Bulletin

262

271

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“…The Full Scale IQ was computed using the following formula: 1.6 (sum of the standardized tests) + 36 [for children with 6 years] and 1.6 (sum of the standardized tests) + 32 [for children with 7 years] (Kaufman, Kaufman, Balgopal, & McLean, 1996). Mental age of individuals with WS was inferred individually according to Full Scale IQ (Terman, 1916).…”

Section: Neurocognitive Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Williams syndrome hypersociability: A neuropsychological study of the amygdala and prefrontal cortex hypotheses

Capitão

Sampaio

Férnandez

et al. 2011

Research in Developmental Disabilities

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Individuals with Williams syndrome display indiscriminate approach towards strangers. Neuroimaging studies conducted so far have linked this social profile to structural and/or functional abnormalities in WS amygdala and prefrontal cortex. In this study, the neuropsychological hypotheses of amygdala and prefrontal cortex involvement in WS hypersociability was explored using three behavioral tasks--facial emotional recognition task, a social approach task and a go no/go task. Thus, a group 15 individuals with Williams syndrome was compared to two groups of normal developing individuals--a group of 15 individuals matched for chronological age (CA) and 15 individuals matched for mental age (MA), and sex. Individuals with WS present a specific impairment in recognizing negative facial expressions and do not display impairments in response inhibition when compared with typically developing groups. Although these findings partially support the amygdala contribution to WS hypersociability, we found that general cognitive functioning predicted this performance. Additionally, individuals with WS did not differ from both CA and MA groups in the recognition of angry facial expressions, a finding suggesting that they are actually able to identify stimuli associated with social threat. Overall, the results seem to indicate that this social profile must be understood within a developmental framework.

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“…For nearly a century, psychologists have interpreted cognitive test performance by comparing a person's score to those of healthy age peers (WMS-R; Binet & Simon, 1916 ;Stern & Whipple, 1914 ;Terman & Terman, 1916 ). Modern neuropsychologists have expanded this approach by adding other variables, such as sex or years of education, to their stratification of normative data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accounting for estimated IQ in neuropsychological test performance with regression-based techniques

Testa

Winicki

Pearlson

et al. 2009

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

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Regression-based normative techniques account for variability in test performance associated with multiple predictor variables and generate expected scores based on algebraic equations. Using this approach, we show that estimated IQ, based on oral word reading, accounts for 1-9% of the variability beyond that explained by individual differences in age, sex, race, and years of education for most cognitive measures. These results confirm that adding estimated "premorbid" IQ to demographic predictors in multiple regression models can incrementally improve the accuracy with which regression-based norms (RBNs) benchmark expected neuropsychological test performance in healthy adults. It remains to be seen whether the incremental variance in test performance explained by estimated "premorbid" IQ translates to improved diagnostic accuracy in patient samples. We describe these methods, and illustrate the step-by-step application of RBNs with two cases. We also discuss the rationale, assumptions, and caveats of this approach. More broadly, we note that adjusting test scores for age and other characteristics might actually decrease the accuracy with which test performance predicts absolute criteria, such as the ability to drive or live independently.

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The uses of intelligence tests.

Cited by 18 publications

References 0 publications

Investment and intellect: A review and meta-analysis.

Investment and intellect: A review and meta-analysis.

Williams syndrome hypersociability: A neuropsychological study of the amygdala and prefrontal cortex hypotheses

Accounting for estimated IQ in neuropsychological test performance with regression-based techniques

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