The Usefulness of Double-balloon Enteroscopy in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors of the Small Bowel with Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Nakatani, Masami; Fujiwara, Yasuhiro; Nagami, Yasuaki; Sugimori, Satoshi; Kameda, Natsuhiko; Machida, Hirohisa; Okazaki, Hirotoshi; Yamagami, Hirokazu; Tanigawa, Tetsuya; Watanabe, Kenji; Watanabe, Toshio; Tominaga, Kazunari; Noda, Eiji; Maeda, Kiyoshi; Ohsawa, Masahiko; Wakasa, Kenichi; Hirakawa, Kosei

doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.51.7847

Cited by 27 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In patients presenting with signs of chronic gastrointestinal hemorrhage, upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy are usually the initial diagnostic steps. However, small intestinal GISTs may not be amenable to standard endoscopic examination, and advanced endoscopic techniques (double-balloon enteroscopy and/or capsule endoscopy) may be required in these cases [20,21,22,23]. For treatment planning purposes, endoscopic assessment of GISTs should be complemented by cross-sectional imaging in all patients.…”

Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

State of the Art in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors

Garlipp

Bruns

2014

Gastrointest Tumors

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Background: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most frequently diagnosed mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract. Despite their biological and clinical heterogeneity, the majority of these tumors are positive for the receptor tyrosine kinase KIT and are driven by KIT- or platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA)-activating mutations. There are still uncertainties regarding their clinical and molecular characterization and the optimal treatment regimens, making it difficult to establish a universal treatment algorithm for these tumors. Summary: From a clinical perspective, the main difference between GISTs and other gastrointestinal neoplasms is that the benign or malignant behavior of GISTs cannot be predicted from histopathology, but instead relies on empirically established scoring systems. Clinical data suggest that malignant potential may be an inherent quality of some GISTs rather than a feature acquired by the tumor during disease progression. Thus, some patients may require prolonged anti-tumor treatment even after complete surgical removal of the tumor. Key Message: Although GISTs are the most frequently occurring mesenchymal neoplasms in the gastrointestinal tract, no universal treatment algorithms exist. This paper reviews the current evidence that guides the management of GISTs. Practical Implications: The management of localized GISTs involves the use of surgical resection, with the inclusion of preoperative tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment for locally advanced, primarily unresectable tumors and for resectable cases requiring extensive surgery. Imatinib is also indicated as adjuvant therapy after complete surgical removal of GISTs with a high estimated risk of recurrence unless specific mutations conferring imatinib resistance are present. The optimal duration of adjuvant treatment is still controversial. For patients with metastatic imatinib-sensitive GISTs, imatinib constitutes the first-line standard treatment. Molecular characterization of the tumor (with respect to the PDGFRA and KIT genes) is mandatory prior to imatinib therapy. Sunitinib and regorafenib are established as alternative treatments for patients demonstrating generalized disease progression on imatinib. New tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as ponatinib and crenolanib as well as drugs targeting alternative pathways are currently under investigation. Surgery and locally ablative treatments may be indicated in some metastatic patients.

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Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

State of the Art in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors

Garlipp

Bruns

2014

Gastrointest Tumors

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“…Based on the above reasons, it was understood that GISTs in the jejunum were often located in the pelvis. The frequency of jejunal GISTs was high in the literatures [4,22]. These data suggest that we should select the antegrade DBE approach for patients who are suspected to have small bowel GISTs but exclude patients whose tumors are suspected to be located in the lower ileum found using the CT scan or CE.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Endoscopic Characteristics, Risk Grade, and Prognostic Prediction in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors of the Small Bowel

et al. 2017

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Background/Aims: Balloon-assisted endoscopy allows us to diagnose gastrointestinal (GI) stromal tumors (GISTs) in the small bowel including endoscopic ultrasonography and taking biopsy. The aim of this study was to retrospectively clarify clinical and endoscopic characteristics of small bowel GISTs using double-balloon endoscopy (DBE). Methods: We reviewed 25 patients who underwent DBE and were diagnosed with GISTs. The risk of GISTs was stratified using the National Institute of Health (NIH) consensus criteria. We evaluated the available DBE route, the diagnostic yield of biopsy examination, and the relationship between endoscopic characteristics and recurrence-free survival (RFS). Results: Of all 25 patients, 23 had any endoscopic findings related to GIST. They were detected using the antegrade approach in 91.3%. GISTs were classified into high risk (n = 7), intermediate risk (n = 4), low risk (n = 10), and very low risk (n = 4) based on surgical specimens. The diagnostic result of biopsy was 46.7% (7/15), but it was difficult to predict the NIH risk group. Endoscopic characteristics were not associated with RFS. The NIH risk group was significantly associated with RFS. Conclusions: Antegrade DBE was preferable for exploring small bowel GIST, but the diagnostic ability of biopsy examination was limited.

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“…In addition, the risk of retention is still present, although the incidence is low (1.5% to 5%) [17,18] .Therefore, the retention risk should be assessed and informed to the patients before the procedure [19,20] . Second, it is difficult for CE to differentiate the elevated submucosal lesions without erosions or ulcers on the surface from the external pressure [21,22] . At that time, DBE is usually necessary to differentiate the lesions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different roles of capsule endoscopy and double-balloon enteroscopy in obscure small intestinal diseases

Zhang¹,

Chun-hua²,

Li³

2015

WJG

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AIM:To compare the roles of capsule endoscopy (CE) and double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) in the diagnosis of obscure small bowel diseases. December 2014, 88 patients were included in this study; the patients had undergone gastroscopy, colonoscopy, radiological small intestinal barium meal, abdominal computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scan and mesenteric angiography, but their diagnoses were still unclear. The patients with gastrointestinal obstructions, fistulas, strictures, or cardiac pacemakers, as well as pregnant women, and individuals who could not accept the capsule-retention or capsule-removal surgery were excluded. Patients with heart, lung and other vital organ failure diseases were also excluded. Everyone involved in this study had undergone CE and DBE. The results were divided into: (1) the definite diagnosis (the diagnosis was confirmed at least by one of the biopsy, surgery, pathology or the drug treatment effects with follow-up for at least 3 mo); (2) the possible diagnosis (a possible diagnosis was suggested by CE or DBE, but not confirmed by the biopsy, surgery or follow-up drug treatment effects); and (3) the unclear diagnosis (no exact causes were provided by CE and DBE for the disease). The detection rate and the diagnostic yield of the two methods were compared. in the etiologies between CE and DBE was estimated, and the different possible etiologies caused by the age groups were also investigated. METHODS: From June 2009 toRESULTS: CE exhibited a better trend than DBE for diagnosing scattered small ulcers (P = 0.242, Fisher' s test), and small vascular malformations (χ 2 = 1.810, P = 0.179, Pearson χ 2 test), but with no significant differences, possible due to few cases. However, DBE was better than CE for larger tumors (P = 0.018, Fisher's test) and for diverticular lesions with bleeding ulcers (P = 0.005, Fisher's test). All three hemangioma cases diagnosed by DBE in this study (including sponge hemangioma, venous hemangioma, and hemangioma with hamartoma lesions) were all confirmed by biopsy. Two parasite cases were found by CE, but were negative by DBE. This study revealed no obvious differences in the detection rates (DR) of CE (60.0%, 53/88) and DBE (59.1%, 52/88). However, the etiological diagnostic yield (DY) difference was apparent. The CE diagnostic yield was 42.0% (37/88), and the DBE diagnostic yield was 51.1% (45/88). Furthermore, there were differences among the age groups (χ 2 = 22.146, P = 0.008, Kruskal Wallis Test). Small intestinal cancer (5/6 cases), vascular malformations (22/29 cases), and active bleeding (3/4 cases) appeared more commonly in the patients over 50 years old, but diverticula with bleeding ulcers were usually found in the 15-25-year group (4/7cases). The over-25-year group accounted for the stromal tumors (10/12 cases).CONCLUSION: CE and DBE each have their own advantages and disadvantages. The appropriate choice depends on the patient's age, tolerance, and clinical manifestations. Sometimes CE followed by DBE is necessary. Core t...

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The Usefulness of Double-balloon Enteroscopy in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors of the Small Bowel with Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Cited by 27 publications

References 29 publications

State of the Art in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors

State of the Art in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors

Endoscopic Characteristics, Risk Grade, and Prognostic Prediction in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors of the Small Bowel

Different roles of capsule endoscopy and double-balloon enteroscopy in obscure small intestinal diseases

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