“…On a neurobiological level, virtual reality during pain has also been shown to significantly reduce pain-related brain activity in the anterior cingulate cortex, primary and secondary somatosensory cortex, insula, and thalamus (Hoffman et al, 2004a). Virtual reality distraction has also been successfully applied in the context of clinical and procedural pain (Patterson et al, 2004;Wismeijer & Vingerhoets, 2005).…”
Section: Implications For the Effects Of Attention Manipulations On Pmentioning
Attention is a key concept in many theories of pain perception. A clinically popular idea is that pain is more intense in persons who are hypervigilant for or bias their attention to pain information. So far, evidence for such bias in pain patients as compared to healthy persons is inconclusive. Furthermore, studies investigating the effects of distracting attention away from pain have shown contradictory results. In this review, we present a motivational perspective on attentional processing of pain that accounts for these inconclusive research findings. We argue that pain always has to be considered within a context of goal pursuit. From this perspective, two largely unexplored theoretical assumptions are introduced. First, when pain occurs during the pursuit of a certain goal, it may unintentionally capture attention although it is not relevant for the goal. Whether such unintentional attentional capture happens is not only dependent upon the characteristics of the pain but also on the characteristics of the focal goal. Second, attention to pain and pain-related information might be driven by a focal goal related to pain. Attentional processing of pain information will be particularly enhanced when the focal goal is related to pain management (e.g., attempting to gain control). Future research has to systematically investigate the role of motivation and goal pursuit in the attentional processing of pain-related information. This motivational perspective offers a powerful framework to explain inter-and intra-individual differences in the deployment of attention to painrelated information.
“…On a neurobiological level, virtual reality during pain has also been shown to significantly reduce pain-related brain activity in the anterior cingulate cortex, primary and secondary somatosensory cortex, insula, and thalamus (Hoffman et al, 2004a). Virtual reality distraction has also been successfully applied in the context of clinical and procedural pain (Patterson et al, 2004;Wismeijer & Vingerhoets, 2005).…”
Section: Implications For the Effects Of Attention Manipulations On Pmentioning
Attention is a key concept in many theories of pain perception. A clinically popular idea is that pain is more intense in persons who are hypervigilant for or bias their attention to pain information. So far, evidence for such bias in pain patients as compared to healthy persons is inconclusive. Furthermore, studies investigating the effects of distracting attention away from pain have shown contradictory results. In this review, we present a motivational perspective on attentional processing of pain that accounts for these inconclusive research findings. We argue that pain always has to be considered within a context of goal pursuit. From this perspective, two largely unexplored theoretical assumptions are introduced. First, when pain occurs during the pursuit of a certain goal, it may unintentionally capture attention although it is not relevant for the goal. Whether such unintentional attentional capture happens is not only dependent upon the characteristics of the pain but also on the characteristics of the focal goal. Second, attention to pain and pain-related information might be driven by a focal goal related to pain. Attentional processing of pain information will be particularly enhanced when the focal goal is related to pain management (e.g., attempting to gain control). Future research has to systematically investigate the role of motivation and goal pursuit in the attentional processing of pain-related information. This motivational perspective offers a powerful framework to explain inter-and intra-individual differences in the deployment of attention to painrelated information.
“…Dental anxiety is a common problem that develops mostly in childhood and adolescence [3][4]. The nature of a child's dental anxiety can vary significantly.…”
“…Therefore, the child's attention is focused on what is happening in the virtual world rather than on the surrounding environment. 4 A review of the existing literature reveals limited studies using VR in pediatric dentistry. Hence, this study was done to determine the effect of VR distraction on pain perception during dental treatment in children aged 6 to 8 years.…”
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