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Geopressure drives fluid flow and is important for hydrocarbon exploration, carbon sequestration, and designing safe and economical wells. This concise guide explores the origins of geopressure and presents a step-by-step approach to characterizing and predicting pressure and least principal stress in the subsurface. The book emphasizes how geology, and particularly the role of flow along permeable layers, drives the development and distribution of subsurface pressure and stress. Case studies, such as the Deepwater Horizon blowout, and laboratory experiments, are used throughout to demonstrate methods and applications. It succinctly discusses the role of elastoplastic behaviour, the full stress tensor, and diagenesis in pore pressure generation, and it presents workflows to predict pressure, stress, and hydrocarbon entrapment. It is an essential guide for academics and professional geoscientists and petroleum engineers interested in predicting pressure and stress, and understanding the role of geopressure in geological processes, well design, hydrocarbon entrapment, and carbon sequestration.
Geopressure drives fluid flow and is important for hydrocarbon exploration, carbon sequestration, and designing safe and economical wells. This concise guide explores the origins of geopressure and presents a step-by-step approach to characterizing and predicting pressure and least principal stress in the subsurface. The book emphasizes how geology, and particularly the role of flow along permeable layers, drives the development and distribution of subsurface pressure and stress. Case studies, such as the Deepwater Horizon blowout, and laboratory experiments, are used throughout to demonstrate methods and applications. It succinctly discusses the role of elastoplastic behaviour, the full stress tensor, and diagenesis in pore pressure generation, and it presents workflows to predict pressure, stress, and hydrocarbon entrapment. It is an essential guide for academics and professional geoscientists and petroleum engineers interested in predicting pressure and stress, and understanding the role of geopressure in geological processes, well design, hydrocarbon entrapment, and carbon sequestration.
We have modeled the effective elastic moduli — and hence the compression and shear wave velocities — of dry sandstones. The modeling is distinctly different in two ranges of porosity [Formula: see text]: from zero to the consolidation limit [Formula: see text] (consolidated regime), where the rock is treated as continuous material containing pores and cracks, and from [Formula: see text] to the critical porosity [Formula: see text], where the rock is transitioning to a granular material (unconsolidated regime). In the consolidated regime, the modeling is micromechanics based and yields the moduli in terms of porosity, pore-shape factor, and crack density, based on the noninteraction approximation with the Mori-Tanaka correction for interactions. By necessity, it contains empirical parameters reflecting highly irregular shapes of pores and microcracks. In the unconsolidated regime, we propose empirical relations of the Mori-Tanaka type where pore-shape factors assume large values, consistent with very soft, concave pore shapes typical in this regime. Combined, the two models can be viewed as a sand diagenesis model for the entire range of porosities, from zero to [Formula: see text]. Its predictions cover the available experimental data on arenites, the most ubiquitous group of sandstones. Finally, our empirical relations for inorganic shales express bedding-normal velocities as functions of porosity and total clay content.
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