The use of vanishing spray reduces the extent of rule violations in soccer

Kolbinger, Otto; Link, Daniel

doi:10.1186/s40064-016-3274-2

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…10 In order to make up for the referee omissions and misjudgments due to their perceived limitations, various types of high-tech auxiliary equipment are being gradually introduced into some sports to assist referee officiating processes. 9 , 11 , 12 This technical equipment can be divided into three types. The first type is to support the referees in decision making, the second type is to replace the referee decisions and the third type is to help the referees to enforce the rules of a particular sport.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of the video assistant referee on the Chinese Super League

Han

Qiu

Lago‐Peñas

et al. 2020

International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching

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With the development and advancement of technology, various types of high-tech auxiliary equipment have been gradually introduced into football matches to assist referees to officiate the game. The Chinese football Super League (CSL) introduced the video assistant referee (VAR) in the 2018 season. The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of the introduction of VAR on football matches and on referees’ performance. This study compared the data of all 240 games without VAR in the season 2017 and all 240 games with VAR in the season 2018 using Generalized Linear Model (GLM) and means comparison. The following match variables were considered: goals, penalties, red cards, yellow cards, fouls, offsides, playing time in the first half, playing time in the second half and total playing time. The study found that: 1) After the introduction of VAR, the number of offsides and fouls in the Chinese Super League dropped significantly (p < .001); 2) the playing time in the first and second half and the total playing time increased significantly(p < .001); 3) after the introduction of VAR, the home team advantage decreased slightly. The research result can help to better understand the impact of VAR on professional football, especially on the Chinese football Super League, it can also help referees to optimize their refereeing strategy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of the video assistant referee on the Chinese Super League

Han

Qiu

Lago‐Peñas

et al. 2020

International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching

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“…These include crowd noise, fan pressure, match criticality, match importance or even favouring the best teams. 1 , 2 In addition, the referees can be biased in some decisions which are open to subjective interpretation, such as the stoppage time added after the second half or the fouls called and penalized with yellow/red cards. 3 , 4 For example, referees viewing videotaped potential fouls with crowd noise called significantly fewer fouls (15.5%) for the away team than those presented with only the video.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of the Video Assistant Referee on referee’s decisions in the SpanishLaLiga

Lago‐Peñas

Sánchez-Gómez

Pollard

2020

International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching

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Video Assistant Referee (VAR) was officially introduced into Association Football (Soccer) regulations in 2018. The aim of this study was to examine how the implementation of this technology has modified the play in elite soccer. The sample consists of all 760 matches played in the Spanish LaLiga during the seasons before and after the implementation of the VAR system. The following variables were recorded for each match and half: Fouls, Goals, Oﬀsides, Penalties, Playing time, Red cards and Yellow cards. Match statistics were retrieved from the website of “Whoscored” ( www.whoscored.com ). A Mann-Whitney U test and Generalized linear model were used to compare seasons before and after the implementation of VAR. Overall, the findings of the present study showed that the VAR system does not dramatically change the play in elite soccer. Nevertheless: (i) there was a significant decrease in the number of offside after the implementation of VAR; (ii) there was a slight increase in the number of minutes added to the playing time in the first and second half and the full game; and (iii) in most of 70% of all matches, the checks of the match-changing incidents did not lead to review. Moreover, the impact of the VAR system on the game decreases with VAR-only reviews, where the final decision was only based on the communication with the VAR, compared to matches with on-field reviews, where the main referee reviewed the footage on a monitor near the pitch. These findings suggest that to reduce time-wasting and speed up the match, the number of on-field reviews should be reduced.

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“…The authors pointed out that the introduction of TOA needs to be treated as interventions in a social setting and therefore, the investigation of stakeholders' opinions has to play a crucial role in the evaluation process. However, so far, research in this area almost exclusively focused on the influence of such aids on on-field events [9][10][11], with few exceptions. Winand and Fergusson could show in their study about the goal line technology in football that even if a TOA works smoothly, fans and spectators still express some aversion [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Video kills the sentiment—Exploring fans’ reception of the video assistant referee in the English premier league using Twitter data

Kolbinger

Knopp

2020

PLoS ONE

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Evaluative research of technological officiating aids in sports predominantly focuses on the respective technology and the impact on decision accuracy, whereas the impact on stakeholders is neglected. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the immediate impact of the recently introduced Video Assistant Referee, often referred to as VAR, on the sentiment of fans of the English Premier League. We analyzed the content of 643,251 tweets from 129 games, including 94 VAR incidents, using a new variation of a gradient boosting approach to train two tree-based classifiers for text corpora: one classifier to identify tweets related to the VAR and another one to rate a tweet’s sentiment. The results of 10-fold cross-validations showed that our approach, for which we only took a small share of all features to grow each tree, performed better than common approaches (naïve Bayes, support vector machines, random forest and traditional gradient tree boosting) used by other studies for both classification problems. Regarding the impact of the VAR on fans, we found that the average sentiment of tweets related to this technological officiating aid was significantly lower compared to other tweets (-0.64 vs. 0.08; t = 45.5, p < .001). Further, by tracking the mean sentiment of all tweets chronologically for each game, we could display that there is a significant drop of sentiment for tweets posted in the periods after an incident compared to the periods before. A plunge that persisted for 20 minutes on average. Summed up, our results provide evidence that the VAR effects predominantly expressions of negative sentiment on Twitter. This is in line with the results found in previous, questionnaire-based, studies for other technological officiating aids and also consistent with the psychological principle of loss aversion.

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The use of vanishing spray reduces the extent of rule violations in soccer

Cited by 14 publications

References 22 publications

The influence of the video assistant referee on the Chinese Super League

The influence of the video assistant referee on the Chinese Super League

The effect of the Video Assistant Referee on referee’s decisions in the SpanishLaLiga

Video kills the sentiment—Exploring fans’ reception of the video assistant referee in the English premier league using Twitter data

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