The use of vaccines to control pathogen spread in pig populations

Abstract

Vaccine efficacy has often been studied from the viewpoint of individual direct clinical protection. For several vaccines, a decrease in pathogen shedding in vaccinated animals has also been documented, which suggests that transmission between individuals has the potential to be reduced. In addition, vaccination induces an immune response in the host potentially decreasing susceptibility to infection in comparison with immunologically naïve animals. As a collective result of individual vaccinations, vaccine programmes generally have a wider impact on pathogen diffusion at the population scale. Beyond the individual protection conferred by mass vaccination campaigns, the indirect protection of non-immune individuals in contact with vaccinated ones also contributes to controlling pathogen spread at the population scale; a phenomenon known as herd immunity.Pathogen spread within pig populations is strongly related to the required vaccine coverage at the population level and to pathogen characteristics in terms of diffusion (). Before setting up vaccination programmes, it is therefore necessary to have quantitative knowledge on vaccine efficacy as regards transmission reduction. These data can be obtained by carrying out experimental studies or observational protocols in real conditions. These quantitative data have mainly been estimated for major infectious diseases which have now been eradicated. A great gap in knowledge has however been identified for enzootic diseases which are daily impacting the swine sector as well as for the source of variation responsible for a decrease in vaccine efficacy as compared to assessments obtained in experimental conditions.

Influenza A virus vaccine research conducted in swine from 1990 to May 2018: A scoping review

“…As such the burden of keeping current with IAV-S vaccine research is borne by practicing veterinarians. Multiple IAV-S vaccines are licenced for use in swine, including autogenous vaccines (custom produced to match farm viral isolates), but messaging on vaccination programs vary and lacks consensus with respect to differing vaccine, target population, and herd management characteristics [ 15 , 21 , 22 ].…”

Analysis of peptide-SLA binding by establishing immortalized porcine alveolar macrophage cells with different SLA class II haplotypes

“…Studies to address the interaction between MHCs and epitopes have been limited for nonhuman species such as pigs. The development of disease resistance and effective vaccines against major infectious diseases in pigs is a critical issue in large-scale pig farming as diseases cause significant losses in productivity [ 23 , 24 ]. However, interactions between swine leukocyte antigens (SLAs) and the epitopes of viral pathogens have not been extensively studied.…”

Reducing lesion incidence in pork carcasses by heating foot-and-mouth disease vaccine before injection

“…In the present study, the FMD vaccine was injected in the neck, while the [23] and three types of hypothetical farm size are assumed: farms with 100, 500, and 1,000 sows. 2) Only negligible amounts of electricity and labor are required to maintain and operate the heating equipment for foot-and-mouth disease vaccine.…”

“…Cho et al (2020) Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 33:634-639 vaccination site was the ham in the previous study [11]. Ko et al [2] found that the incident rate of lesions differed with different sites of injection, and it was higher in the neck than in pork ham.…”

“…Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals and it is difficult to control this disease [1]. Vaccine injection is the most effective mode of preventing infectious disease outbreaks [2]. In South Korea, intensive vaccination campaigns for FMD began in 2011 because of a large outbreak of FMD in 2010 [3].…”