The use of ultrasound to monitor fetal life in a pregnant bitch

Jackson, PG; Nicholson, Jan M.

doi:10.1136/vr.104.2.36

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…A-mode ultrasound gave the best accuracy in the fifth and sixth weeks after mating and Doppler ultrasound (Medata instrument) gave the best accuracy in the last three weeks of the putative gestation. Doppler ultrasound also has the merit that it can be used to ascertain foetal viability, particularly in cases of prolonged gestation (Weiss, 1975;Cestnik, 1978) or threatened abortion (Jackson & Nicholson. 1979: Prole & Allen, 1979.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such errors could have arisen from the sounds of rapid panting, and in fact they were obtained with the Doptone instrument which was found to be prone to producing confusing extraneous sounds. The earliest detections of foetal heartbeat reported by previous workers were: 29 days (Helper, 1970), 30 days after lust mating (Lamm, 1972), 32 days (Preu, 1975), 35 days (Cestnik et al, 1978 and 44 days (Riznar & Makek, 1977).…”

Section: Accuracy Of Tests On Bitches Which Whelpedmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Detection of pregnancy in the bitch: a study of abdominal palpation, A‐mode ultrasound and Doppler ultrasound techniques

Allen

Meredith

1981

J of Small Animal Practice

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A total of 474 pregnancy tests (of all three types) were carried out on 82 bitches of a variety of breeds. The practical problems and possible sources of error for each test were studied and their accuracy in predicting whether or not the bitches would whelp was ascertained. Palpation of the abdomen, in the period from 26 to 35 days after mating, was found to be 87% accurate in detecting bitches that would whelp and 73% accurate in detecting bitches that would not whelp. The optimum period for using A‐mode ultrasound was found to be from 32 to 62 days after mating. In this period the accuracy of detecting bitiches that would whelp was 90%, and for non‐whelping bitches was 83%. Two Doppler ultrasound instruments were used. For the superior instrument, the accuracy of detecting whelping bitches was 85% and 100%, in the periods from 36 to 42 days and 43 days to term, respectively. For detection of non‐whelping bitches, the accuracy was 100%.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Accuracy Of Tests On Bitches Which Whelpedmentioning

confidence: 92%

Detection of pregnancy in the bitch: a study of abdominal palpation, A‐mode ultrasound and Doppler ultrasound techniques

Allen

Meredith

1981

J of Small Animal Practice

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“…Fetuses and the gestational sac were confirmed by ultrasonography (Sonosite180, SonoSite Inc., Seattle, WA, U.S.A.) at 30 days after AI, and the number of fetuses was confirmed [3,10,23]. All data were expressed in means ± SD.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Transcervical Insemination using Frozen Semen by Flexible Endoscope in Dogs

Hayashi

Morita

Aso

et al. 2013

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. We evaluated transcervical insemination (TCI) using frozen semen by flexible endoscopy in dogs. Eight female and eight male beagles were used in this study. A flexible endoscope and a washing tube were used for TCI. A tracheal tube was used as an alternative to the penis and was an auxiliary for inserting the flexible endoscope. The mean time required to insert the washing tube into the external os of the uterus after inserting the endoscope into the tracheal tube was 7.5 min. Slight or mild pain was observed in all bitches during TCI. However, TCI could be easily performed with retention in all bitches and without sedation anesthesia. The tracheal tube was useful to ensure the visual field using air sufflation. Clinical signs suspicious of infection were not observed in any bitches from the TCI to the pregnancy diagnosis. The conception rate was 87.5%, and the mean number of fetuses was 6.3. TCI using a flexible endoscope in bitches was performed quickly with minimal invasiveness. We present a new method of TCI in dogs. This method should be studied in small and large breeds to obtain more detailed results. Artificial insemination (AI) using frozen semen in dogs has been increasing in recent years. However, AI using cryopreserved semen generally yields lower pregnancy rates with vaginal deposition than with uterine deposition because of the short life span of frozen-thawed spermatozoa [5,19]. Therefore, AI methods usually use uterine deposition with frozen semen. Surgical insemination is highly invasive and requires general anesthesia, whereas transcervical insemination (TCI) using metal catheterization is minimally invasive but requires a skilled technique [24]. In contrast, TCI using a rigid endoscope is easy and less invasive [13,30]. TCI with a flexible endoscope is also less invasive because the scope is soft, and it has an air supply and instrument channel, which endows it with good operability [21,29]. Therefore, a flexible endoscope might be useful as a new tool for TCI.The purpose of this study was to evaluate TCI using frozen semen by flexible endoscope in dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODSEight female beagles aged 1-8 years (mean ± standard deviation: SD, 4.1 ± 2.5 years) and weighing 10.7-15.1 kg (mean ± SD, 12.8 ± 1.3 kg) were used in this study; 4 were parous, and the others were nulliparous. Eight male beagles aged 1-7 years (mean ± SD, 3.6 ± 1.8 years) and weighing 11.4-15.8 kg (mean ± SD, 13.1 ± 1.4 kg) were used as sperm donors. Unrelated dogs were used to prevent inbreeding. This study was performed in accordance with the Guide for the Experimentation of Animals of the College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University (AP11B018, 2010).The sperm-rich fraction of a single ejaculate was collected from each dog by digital manipulation [11]. The collected semen was centrifuged at 400 × g for 5 min. The supernatant was discarded, and the pellets were gently suspended in 1 ml with egg-yolk Tris-fructose citrate extender supplemented with 1% Orvus ES paste (OEP) [26][27][28]. Sperm concentration w...

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“…All AI procedures were performed by the same person. Pregnancy diagnosis was carried out by ultrasonography (Sonosite 180, SonoSite, Bothell, WA, U.S.A.) 30 days after AI [4, 13, 20], and the litter size was recorded after whelping.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

GnRH analogue treatment on LH surge day 0 followed by single transvaginal artificial insemination with frozen semen on day 5 in bitches

Ohtaki

Koga

Ono

et al. 2015

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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Reproductive parameters were evaluated in 19 and 14 estrous beagles that received 100 µg of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and saline treatment, respectively, on the day of luteinizing hormone (LH) surge (Day 0; estimated by serial progesterone assay) and balloon catheter-aided single transvaginal artificial insemination of frozen semen on Day 5. Although the conception rate and litter size were similar between the GnRH and saline groups, the concentration of LH peak was significantly higher in GnRH-treated bitches (P<0.01). In addition, the actual LH surge did not occur on the estimated Day 0 in one saline-treated bitch. In clinical practice that daily progesterone assay is difficult, administration of GnRH on estimated Day 0 would be recommended to induce or enhance the LH surge for timely and successful insemination.

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The use of ultrasound to monitor fetal life in a pregnant bitch

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Detection of pregnancy in the bitch: a study of abdominal palpation, A‐mode ultrasound and Doppler ultrasound techniques

Detection of pregnancy in the bitch: a study of abdominal palpation, A‐mode ultrasound and Doppler ultrasound techniques

Evaluation of Transcervical Insemination using Frozen Semen by Flexible Endoscope in Dogs

GnRH analogue treatment on LH surge day 0 followed by single transvaginal artificial insemination with frozen semen on day 5 in bitches

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