The use of ultrasound in the assessment of normal fetal growth: A review

Deter, Russell L.; Harrist, Ronald B.; Hadlock, Frank P.; Carpenter, Robert J.

doi:10.1002/jcu.1870090905

Cited by 87 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…All examinations were carried out at 2-to 3-week intervals beginning at approximately 24 weeks of menstrual age continuing until delivery. Measurements of the biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference and femur diaphysis length were obtained at each examination for each fetus using procedures described in a previous publication [11]. The estimated weight was determined from values for the biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference, and femur diaphysis length as described previously [12].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subclassification of Small-for-Gestational-Age Fetus Using Fetal Doppler Velocimetry

Hata

Aoki²,

Manabe³

et al. 2000

Gynecol Obstet Invest

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Our purpose was to determine whether small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetus can be divided to subclassified groups using fetal Doppler velocimetry. Fifty-four pregnant women with SGA infant delivered after 37 weeks of gestation were studied. After 24 weeks of gestation, fetal middle cerebral artery puslatility index (MCAPI) and umbilical artery pulsatility index (UAPI) were measured at 2- to 3-week intervals using Doppler ultrasound. Perinatal outcomes [operative delivery due to fetal distress, abnormal fetal heart rate (FHR) pattern, meconium staining, low Apgar score (<7), neonatal acidosis (umbilical artery blood pH <7.15), neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission due to neonatal asphyxia, and decreased amniotic fluid] were compared in subclassified SGA groups using fetal Doppler velocimetry. The number of SGA fetuses with normal MCAPI and UAPI (normal SGA group) was 39, and those with significantly low MCAPI but normal UAPI (eventful SGA group) 15, respectively. Birth age and birth weights in the eventful SGA group were significantly earlier and lower than those in the normal SGA group, respectively (p < 0.05, and p < 0.005). There were significant increases in operative deliveries, abnormal FHR patterns and decreased amniotic fluid in eventful SGA group, when compared with events related to normal SGA group. However, there were no significant differences in meconium staining of amniotic fluid, low Apgar score, neonatal acidosis, and NICU admission between the two groups. These results suggest that SGA fetus with abnormally low MCAPI but normal UAPI has more poor perinatal outcomes, compared with that with normal MCAPI and UAPI.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subclassification of Small-for-Gestational-Age Fetus Using Fetal Doppler Velocimetry

Hata

Aoki²,

Manabe³

et al. 2000

Gynecol Obstet Invest

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“…She also identified error due to the "inherent technical limitation of ultrasound measurement," noting that the "average resolution of the ultrasound image is 1-2 mm" (p. 77). Others have identified technical errors such as incorrect identification of measurement planes (Deter et al, 1981;Hadlock et al, 1982c). Several studies have compared ultrasound measurements with postnatal measurements (reviewed in Cronk, 1983).…”

Section: Comparison With Ultrasound Estimatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although age estimates of living fetuses are commonly made in utero through ultrasound measurements (Queenan et al, 1980;Deter et al, 1981;Quetel, 1981, 1982;Cronk, 1983;Altman and Chitty, 1997), many forensic and archaeologic situations present only limited material for examination (Fazekas and Kósa, 1978;Huxley and Jimenez, 1996). In the former setting, radiographs often are available and may provide the only means for post hoc investigation.…”

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confidence: 99%

Fetal age: Methods of estimation and effects of pathology

Sherwood

Meindl

Robinson

et al. 2000

Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.

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Accurate identification of fetal age is important in a wide variety of circumstances. Seventeen anthropometric and radiographic measurements were taken on fetuses between 15 and 42 weeks of gestational age, both with and without pathologic conditions. A full evaluation including radiographic, karyotypic, gross anatomic, and histologic examination of the fetus and placenta identified 72 individuals as nondysmorphic with no signs of chronic uterovascular insufficiency. These specimens served as the control group. Based on least-squares regressions of this group, age-estimation equations were calculated for all variables. Six models were adequately described by linear equations; the remaining 11 required a quadratic term. Based on standard error of the estimate (S(y:x)), skeletal measures proved the most accurate age estimators. Pathologic conditions were shown to have an influence on age estimation indicated by high levels of inaccuracy and, in some instances, significant bias.

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“…3,4 Improvements in image quality and scanning capability have progressively permitted visualization of greater anatomical detail, which, in turn, has led to more sophisticated analyses of the growth process. 5 …”

Section: Evaluation Of Fetal Growth and Fetal Well-beingmentioning

confidence: 99%