The Use of Ultrasound for the Electrochemical Synthesis of Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Hexahydrate (Struvite)

Foroughi, Faranak; Kékedy‐Nagy, László; Islam, Hujjatul; Lamb, Jacob Joseph; Greenlee, Lauren F.; Pollet, Bruno G.

doi:10.1149/09210.0047ecst

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The FT-IR spectra recorded (Figure a, b) show the presence of functional groups previously reported as characteristic of struvite. − The 3250–2900 cm –1 band indicated the O–H and N–H stretching vibrations. The H–O–H stretching vibrations are visible at 2324 cm –1 , while the bending region is located at 1687 cm –1 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…These results show that, in our experimental conditions, Mg oxidation is thermodynamically favorable and leads to struvite formation; these results also confirm that precipitates observed (but not chemically identified) in our prior work were likely to have also been struvite. 54 This is an interesting finding as all other previous studies on electrochemical struvite precipitation have used energy input in the form of voltage or current, and no other researchers have attempted to achieve struvite precipitation without the application of voltage or current.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Electroless Production of Fertilizer (Struvite) and Hydrogen from Synthetic Agricultural Wastewaters

et al. 2020

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The drive toward sustainable phosphorus (P) recovery from agricultural and municipal wastewater streams has intensified. However, combining P recovery with energy conservation is perhaps one of the greatest challenges of this century. In this study, we report for the first time the simultaneous electroless production of struvite and dihydrogen from aqueous ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH4H2PO4) solutions in contact with either a pure magnesium (Mg) or a Mg alloy as the anode and 316 stainless steel (SS) as the cathode placed in a bench-scale electrochemical reactor. During the electroless process (i.e., in the absence of external electrical power), the open circuit potential (OCP), the formation of struvite on the anode, and the generation of dihydrogen at the cathode were monitored. We found that struvite is formed, and that struvite crystal structure/morphology and precipitate film thickness are affected by the concentration of the H n PO4 n–3/NH4 + in solution and the composition of the anode. The pure Mg anode produced a porous 0.6–4.1 μm thick film, while the AZ31 Mg alloy produced a more compact 1.7–9.9 μm thick struvite film. Kinetic analyses revealed that Mg dissolution to Mg2+ followed mostly a zero-order kinetic rate law for both Mg anode materials, and the rate constants (k) depended upon the struvite layer morphology. Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy indicated that the synthesized struvite was of high quality. The dihydrogen and Mg2+ in solution were detected by a gas chromatography–thermal conductivity detector and ion chromatography, respectively. Furthermore, we fully demonstrate that the reactor was able to remove ∼73% of the H n PO4 n–3 present in a natural poultry wastewater as mainly struvite. This study highlights the feasibility of simultaneously producing struvite and dihydrogen from wastewater effluents with no energy input in a green and sustainable approach.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Electroless Production of Fertilizer (Struvite) and Hydrogen from Synthetic Agricultural Wastewaters

et al. 2020

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“…The different pH values of the Pd solution resulted in different existing forms of the Pd complex and, therefore, led to different reduction rates of palladium [12]. The higher pH values resulted in slower reduction rates and, therefore, led to smaller Pd nanoparticles [12,38]. Zin et al [36] for the first time synthesized Pt nanoparticles from aqueous chloroplatinic solutions in the presence of low-frequency high-power ultrasound (20 kHz).…”

Section: Sonoelectrochemical Synthesis Of Electrocatalyst For Fuel Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sonochemical and Sonoelectrochemical Production of Energy Materials

et al. 2021

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Sonoelectrochemistry is the combination of ultrasound and electrochemistry which provides many advantages in electrochemistry, such as fast reaction rates, surface cleaning and activation, and increased mass transport at an electrode. Due to the advantages, some efforts have been made in order to benefit sonoelectrochemistry in the field of energy and environmental engineering. This review paper highlights the developed progress of the application of sonoelectrochemistry in the production of hydrogen, electrocatalyst materials and electrodes for fuel cells and semiconductor photocatalyst materials. This review also provides the experimental methods that are utilized in several sonoelectrochemical techniques, such as different set-ups generally used for the synthesis of energy-related materials. Different key parameters in the operation of sonoelectrochemical synthesis including ultrasonication time, ultrasound frequency and operation current have been also discussed. There are not many research articles on the sonoelectrochemical production of materials for supercapacitors and water electrolyzers which play crucial roles in the renewable energy industry. Therefore, at the end of this review, some articles which have reported the use of ultrasound for the production of electrocatalysts for supercapacitors and electrolyzers have been reviewed. The current review might be helpful for scientists and engineers who are interested in and working on sonoelectrochemistry and electrocatalyst synthesis for energy storage and energy conversion.

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“…2018; Modin and Gustavsson, 2014;Muddemann et al, 2019;Srivastava et al, 2020). Likewise, there is an increasing interest in applying electrochemically mediated precipitation (EMP) as a strategy to remove and recover P from waste streams (Cusick and Logan, 2012;Foroughi et al, 2019;Kappel et al, 2013;Lei et al, 2017;Wang et al, 2020). Compared to conventional methods for P recovery, including chemical phosphate removal (CPR), adsorption, and EBPR, EMP possesses the merits of simple operation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemically mediated precipitation of phosphate minerals for phosphorus removal and recovery: Progress and perspective

Wang

Kuntke

Saakes³

et al. 2022

Water Research

117

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Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for the growth and reproduction of organisms. Unfortunately, the natural P cycle has been broken by the overexploitation of P ores and the associated discharge of P into water bodies, which may trigger the eutrophication of water bodies in the short term and possible P shortage soon. Consequently, technologies emerged to recover P from wastewater to mitigate pollution and exploit secondary P resources. Electrochemically induced phosphate precipitation has the merit of achieving P recovery without dosing additional chemicals via creating a localized high pH environment near the cathode. We critically reviewed the development of electrochemically induced precipitation systems toward P removal and recovery over the past ten years. We summarized and discussed the effects of pH, current density, electrode configuration, and water matrix on the performance of electrochemical systems. Next to ortho P, we identified the potential and illustrated the mechanism of electrochemical P removal and recovery from non-ortho P compounds by combined anodic or anode-mediated oxidation and cathodic reduction (precipitation). Furthermore, we assessed the economic feasibility of electrochemical methods and concluded that they are more suitable for treating acidic P-rich waste streams. Despite promising potentials and significant progress in recent years, the application of electrochemical systems toward P recovery at a larger scale requires further research and development. Future work should focus on evaluating the system's performance under long-term operation, developing an automatic process for harvesting P deposits, and performing a detailed economic and life-cycle assessment.

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The Use of Ultrasound for the Electrochemical Synthesis of Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Hexahydrate (Struvite)

Cited by 11 publications

References 23 publications

Electroless Production of Fertilizer (Struvite) and Hydrogen from Synthetic Agricultural Wastewaters

Electroless Production of Fertilizer (Struvite) and Hydrogen from Synthetic Agricultural Wastewaters

Sonochemical and Sonoelectrochemical Production of Energy Materials

Electrochemically mediated precipitation of phosphate minerals for phosphorus removal and recovery: Progress and perspective

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