The Use of Time in the Study of Social Change

Aging, Disablement, and Dying: Using Time-as-Process and Time-as-Resources Metrics to Chart Late-Life Change

“…Brought in at the between-person, cross-sectional level, time-lived , time-disabled , and time-left can all be used, at a meaningful point of observation, to index interindividual differences in the accumulation of experience. The variables are treated as inherent characteristics of the person and their life span – as proxy for time-related resources or burdens that were accumulated or spent (Heirich, 1964). …”

“…Heirich, 1964). The general idea is that time is a fixed-sum resource that has been accumulated and/or spent.…”

“…In a typical examination of cross-sectional age differences, time is invoked as an interindividual differences variable and regressed on between-person differences in a construct of interest, e.g., Y i = γ 0 + γ 1 ( age i ) + u i . More generally, results from such models can be used to infer how between-person differences in time , as a fixed-sum resource (or burden), are related to the outcome measure (Heirich, 1964). …”

Models of innovation: Why models of innovation are models, or what work is being done in calling them models?

“…For example, Edward Hassinger (1959) referred to the stage process of rural sociologists as a 'model'. Similarly, Max Heirich (1964) analyzed theories of social change and their concern with time: evolutionism, diffusionism, social history, Marxism, functionalism, and historical philosophy. Heirich talks of those theories as 'models'.…”

Multiple Time-Series Analysis of Nation-Level Data

“…Whenever possible, the design of quantitative research ought to acknowledge this condition and treat the temporal dimension systematically (see Hierich, 1964). Multiple time-series analysis has the advantage of freeing the analyst from the uncertainties of basing longitudinal inferences upon simultaneous cross-sectional data.…”