The use of the glutaraldehyde coagulation test for detection of hypogammaglobulinaemia in neonatal foals

Beetson, Sue; Hilbert, B. J.; Mills, Jennifer N.

doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1985.tb14252.x

Cited by 36 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(4 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The simple glutaraldehyde test has been used and recommended for a rapid differentiation between FPT-affected and normoglobulinaemic foals by several authors (Sandholm 1974(Sandholm , 1976Tennat et al 1979;Beetson et al 1985;Clabough et al 1989). The principle of the method consists in polymerisation by glutaraldehyde of gammaglobulins, which precedes that of other blood serum proteins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Beetson's modification (Beetson et al 1985) of the test was used as follows: blood serum samples were mixed at 10:1 with 10% glutaraldehyde solution and coagulation of the mixture was checked at 5,10,15,20,30,45, and 60 min. In the original version, coagulation within 10, 60 and more than 60 min indicated Ig concentrations: 8 g·l -1 , 4 to 8 g·l -1 , and less than 4 g·l -1 , respectively.…”

Section: Determination Of Immunoglobulin Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Evaluation of Field Methods for Determining Immunoglobulin in Sucking Foals

Sedlinská¹,

Krejcí²,

Vyskočil³

2005

Acta Vet. Brno

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The aim of the study was to evaluate quick and easy semiquantitative tests for the detection of serum immunoglobulins that are commonly used for to trace the foals with the failure of passive immunity transfer. We compared the four most employed methods -zinc sulphate turbidity tests using photometric or visual reading, glutaraldehyde test and refractometric determination of total protein concentration in serum. Radial immunodiffusion test was used as a reference method. Thirty-eight blood serum samples from foals were used for quantitative estimation of immunoglobulins. The tested methods were correlated with reference method and their availability for tracing of cases of unsuccessful passive transfer immunogobulins was evaluated.The results obtained so far have not allowed us to recommend without reservation any of the compared methods as a reliable test for the determination of blood serum Ig concentrations in newborn foals. On the other hand, the practical usefulness of two of the tested methods (visual reading of turbidity, refractometry) for rapid field identification of hypogammaglobulinaemic foals was confirmed. Of the two, we prefer the refractometric method (sensitivity: 94.11; specificity: 83.30 and predictive value: 88) for common use because it is quicker and easier than other methods. This study pointed out the critical points of the mentioned problem, which have to be studied further.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Determination Of Immunoglobulin Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Field Methods for Determining Immunoglobulin in Sucking Foals

Sedlinská¹,

Krejcí²,

Vyskočil³

2005

Acta Vet. Brno

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The zinc sulfate turbidity test provides an estimate of immunoglobulin concentration and correlates with IgG as measured by RID. 7,20 A modification of the zinc sulfate test in foals has been described in which visual evaluation of turbidity correctly identified 84% of foals with Ͻ400 mg/dL of IgG as measured by RID. All of the FTPI foals were identified if a spectrophotometer was used to confirm borderline visual assessments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…21 This test has several limitations, including the precipitation of immunoglobulins other than IgG with the addition of zinc sulfate and a false increase in the estimated immunoglobulin concentration by hemolysis. 20,22 The glutaraldehyde coagulation test is based on cross-linking between glutaraldehyde and basic proteins in the blood, including immunoglobulins, fibrinogen, and other proteins. 12,23 It is reported to have a sensitivity of nearly 1.0 at either the 400 or 800 mg/dL cutoff, but specificity ranges from 0.58 to 0.88 for Ͻ800 mg/dL and from 0.80 to 0.90 for Ͻ400 mg/dL.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of Serum IgG in Foals by Radial Immunodiffusion and Automated Turbidimetric Immunoassay

et al. 2005

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Hypogammaglobulinemia as a result of failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) is an important risk factor for infectious disease in neonatal foals. The current gold standard for determining serum immunoglobulin concentrations is radial immunodiffusion (RID). The purpose of this study was to compare immunoglobulin concentrations measured by RID with those determined by an automated turbidimetric immunoassay (TIA), which has a much shorter turnaround time. Immunoglobulin concentrations were measured by both RID and TIA in serum collected from 84 neonatal foals. Sixty-seven foals had results within the linear range for both assays. Sensitivity and specificity of TIA for diagnosis of FTPI with IgG Յ 800 mg/dL were 0.81 (95% CI 0.70-0.88) and 0.86 (95% CI 0.76-0.93) and with IgG Յ 400 mg/dL were 0.63 (95% CI 0.35-0.86) and 0.92 (95% CI 0.87-0.95), respectively. A significant linear relationship was found between IgG concentrations determined by TIA and RID (TIA ϭ 0.9511RID ϩ 8.4354; R 2 ϭ .59, P Ͻ .0001). The coefficients of variation for between-run and within-run precision for the TIA were 2.5 and 3%, respectively. Storage of samples from 10 foals at Ϫ20ЊC for 10-12 months resulted in a reduction in TIAmeasured serum IgG concentration of Ϫ17.6% (SD ϭ 3.7%), indicating that long-term storage of samples at Ϫ20ЊC should be avoided. The results of this study indicate that measurement of serum IgG by TIA can be used to evaluate foals for FTPI.Key words: Horse; IgG measurement; Immunoglobulin; Transfer of immunity.T ransfer of passive immunity is crucial to the health of a neonatal foal. In contrast to cats and dogs, no immunoglobulin transfer occurs across the equine placenta, and foals are born hypogammaglobulinemic. Therefore, immunoglobulin transfer in the initial postnatal period by ingestion of good-quality colostrum is critical for the establishment of passive immunity in the foal. The rate of uptake of colostral immunoglobulins by the foal's small intestinal epithelial cells is highest in the 1st 6-8 hours after birth and then begins to decline. Immunoglobulin is not absorbed after 24-36 hours of age. If a foal fails to suckle in the immediate postpartum period, there is a low to absent concentration of immunoglobulin, resulting in a high incidence of neonatal infectious disease. [1][2][3][4] Failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) can result from injury or illness in the neonate, inadequate immunoglobulin production by the dam, or failure of the neonate to absorb the ingested colostrum. 4,5 The incidence of FTPI in foals is estimated to be between 2.9 and 25%. 6 Foals that are immunodeficient because of FTPI are susceptible to many infections, especially septicemia, omphalophlebitis, septic arthritis, and respiratory infections. 1-4 Thus, a sensitive and specific diagnostic test to identify FTPI is valuable in the management of neonatal foals.The current gold standard for determination of serum immunoglobulin concentration is the serial radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay. 7,8 In this test, serum is ...

show abstract

“…Several rapid tests for practical use have been used to estimate IgG concentrations in foals, including the glutaraldehyde coagulation test [5,9], zinc sulfate turbidity test [4,41], latex agglutination test [22,47], enzyme immunoassay [6,38], turbidimetric immunoassay [4,11] and measurement of serum total protein (STP) concentration [12,41]. Many of these tests are now commercially available as kits for use on a breeding farm or at a veterinary clinic.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation of Serum IgG Concentration in Foals and Refractometry Index of the Dam’s Pre- and Post-Parturient Colostrums: An Assessment for Failure of Passive Transfer in Foals

et al. 2012

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ABSTRACT. The object of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of measuring the differences in the values of the serum total protein (DVSTP) concentration of foals and the refractometry index (DVRI) of the milk of dams before and after nursing of the colostrum for assessing failure of passive transfer (FPT) in foals. Serum samples from 31 foals were collected before the first nursing and other 1 to 6 times between 4 and 24 hr after birth. Paired colostrum and milk samples were collected from 14 of their dams at the same time. Serum samples were analyzed for IgG concentration using a single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) test (98 samples) and total protein concentration using a temperature-compensating refractometer (98 samples). Colostrum and milk samples were analyzed for refractometry index (RI) using a Brix refractometer (71 samples). DVSTP concentration and DVRI were significantly correlated with serum IgG concentration. The negative predictive values (NPVs) of DVSTP concentration for detecting serum IgG concentrations<400 mg/dl and<800 mg/dl were 98.2% and 91.3% when the cutoff value is set to 0.4 mg/dl and 0.8 mg/dl, respectively. Furthermore, the NPVs of DVRI for detecting serum IgG concentrations<400 mg/dl and<800 mg/dl were 97.3% and 96.3% when the cutoff value is set to 6% and 10%, respectively. The results suggest that measurement of DVRI is useful in assessing FPT as an initial "stall-side" screening test, because it is easy, inexpensive to perform and allows for rapid interpretation. Foals have low concentrations of circulating immunoglobulins at birth, because the diffuse epitheliochorial placenta does not allow antibody transfer during pregnancy [16,19,30,43]. Foals are entirely dependent on maternal immunoglobulins (primarily IgG) absorbed through ingestion of mare's colostrum in the first 24 hr of life. Successful absorption of immunoglobulins prevents systemic infection during the lag time between exposure to pathogens and development of protective immune response [19,20]. Transfer of maternal antibodies is critical for the well-being of foals. Failure of passive transfer (FPT) significantly increases the risk of infections and death [10,31,32]. A foal greater than 24 hr of age is considered to have FPT, if the serum IgG concentration is less than 400 mg/dl. A serum concentration of 400 to 800 mg/dl over 24 hr after birth is considered partial FPT [16,31], and a serum concentration greater than 800 mg/dl is considered adequate for protection [16,25], although many normal foals have much higher concentrations [31]. The incidence of FPT in foals ranges from 3-24%, and that of partial FPT ranges from 14-31% [2,24,27,29,31,35,37,44].Early testing for serum IgG concentration in newborn foals can identify potential cases of FPT. Several screening tests have been developed over the years for evaluating the IgG concentration in foals. The single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) test is considered to be the most accurate test for quantitative measurement of IgG concentration in foals [41]. However, resul...

show abstract

The use of the glutaraldehyde coagulation test for detection of hypogammaglobulinaemia in neonatal foals

Cited by 36 publications

References 12 publications

Evaluation of Field Methods for Determining Immunoglobulin in Sucking Foals

Evaluation of Field Methods for Determining Immunoglobulin in Sucking Foals

Measurement of Serum IgG in Foals by Radial Immunodiffusion and Automated Turbidimetric Immunoassay

Correlation of Serum IgG Concentration in Foals and Refractometry Index of the Dam’s Pre- and Post-Parturient Colostrums: An Assessment for Failure of Passive Transfer in Foals

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About