The use of sputter deposited TiN thin film as a surface conducting layer on the counter electrode of flexible plastic dye-sensitized solar cells

Estimating the lower-limit of fracture toughness from ideal-strength calculations

“…Thin film TiN is incredibly useful for microelectronics, 72-74 corrosion protective coatings, 25,75 and energy material applications. [76][77][78] These applications often include high stress states that necessitate an understanding of mechanical properties, including fracture behavior. Thin film TiN has been reported experimentally to have a fracture toughness of about 2.3-2.9 MPa ffiffiffiffi m p , 24,25 in good agreement with our lower-bound calculation of 1.98 MPa ffiffiffiffi m p .…”

Recent Progress in the Design and Synthesis of Nitrides for Mesoscopic and Perovskite Solar Cells

“…[88][89][90][91] Given that conventional Pt CEs and polymeric HTMs can be prepared by casting extremely small amountso fp recursors followed by simple posttreatments, challenges for applying nitride materials in organic-inorganic solar cells and even in other energy devices are mainly in manufacturing processes. Moreover,n itrides were also effective in the electrocatalytic reduction of polysulfide redox speciesi nQ DSCs, and the feasibility of nitride materials as HTMs of PSCs was also recentlyd emonstrated.…”

“…We would also like to note that nitrides have also been introduced as conductive layers in solar cells, although this was not reviewed herein due to the scope of this article. [88][89][90][91] Given that conventional Pt CEs and polymeric HTMs can be prepared by casting extremely small amountso fp recursors followed by simple posttreatments, challenges for applying nitride materials in organic-inorganic solar cells and even in other energy devices are mainly in manufacturing processes. Chemical syntheses of nitride nanomaterials often require high-temperature heat treatment and toxic ammonia is frequently used as an itrogen source.R eactive sputtering can be an effective alternative because this procedure is carriedo ut at room temperature with environmentally benign N 2 gases as nitrogen sources.…”

TiO2beads as photocatalyst and photoelectrode for dye-sensitized solar cells synthesized by a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method

“…The excess dye was removed using an anhydrous ethanol solution. The electrolyte consisted of 0.41 M LiI, 0.5 M 4‐tert‐butylpyridine, 0.05 M I 2 , and 0.6 M 1,2‐dimethyl‐3‐n‐propylimidazolium iodide in 3‐methoxypropionitrile .…”