The Use of Sodium Hypochlorite at Point-of-Use to Remove Microcystins from Water Containers

Abstract

Most conventional water treatment plants are not sufficiently equipped to treat both intracellular and extracellular Microcystins in drinking water. However, the effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite in removing Microcystin in containers at the point-of-use is not yet known. This study aimed to assess point-of-use water container treatment using bleach or sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and to assess the health problems associated with microcystins. Thirty-nine percent (29 of 74) of the total selected households were randomly selected to receive and treat their stored container water with sodium hypochlorite. The level of microcystin in the container water was measured after 30 min of contact with sodium hypochlorite. Microcystin concentrations in both the blooming and decaying seasons were higher (mean 1.10, 95% CI 0.46–1.67 µg/L and mean 1.14, 95% CI 0.65–1.63 µg/L, respectively) than the acceptable limit of 1 µg/L in households that did not treat their water with NaOCl, whilst in those that did, there was a significant reduction in the microcystin concentration (mean 0.07, 95% CI 0.00–0.16 µg/L and mean 0.18, 95% CI 0.00–0.45 µg/L). In conclusion, sodium hypochlorite treatment decreased microcystin s to an acceptable level and reduced the related health problems.

Household Water Treatment Practice and Associated Factors in Gibe District Southern Ethiopia: A Community Based Cross-Sectional Study

“… 12 However, a wide range of studies indicated that HWTS can improve drinking water quality prior to consumption and it has been found as a cost-effective method that can reduce the risk of diarrhea significantly. 13 - 16 Even though the benefit of household water treatment practice to decrease the risk of enteric infection is well understood in different studies, there are different hurdles that prevent consistent practice; which includes psychosocial, contextual, and technology-related factors. 17 - 19 …”

“…12 However, a wide range of studies indicated that HWTS can improve drinking water quality prior to consumption and it has been found as a cost-effective method that can reduce the risk of diarrhea significantly. [13][14][15][16] Even though the benefit of household water treatment practice to decrease the risk of enteric infection is well understood in different studies, there are 2 Environmental Health Insights different hurdles that prevent consistent practice; which includes psychosocial, contextual, and technology-related factors. [17][18][19] According to a study based on 67 national surveys, 33.0% of households in these countries treat their drinking water at home and the most common method of household water treatment is boiling, which is used by 21.0% of the study households (598 million people).…”

Development and appraisal of handwash-wastewater treatment system for water recycling as a resilient response to COVID-19

“…The choice of NaOCl was based on its advantages as compared to other disinfection methods. For instance, NaOCl has a broad antimicrobial spectrum, is soluble in water, relatively non-toxic to humans at recommended concentrations [30] , readily available, and is typically affordable for many households [31] . Moreover, unlike UV irradiation or ozonation, disinfection by NaOCl allows residual chlorine in water, reducing the risks of microbial regrowth and recontamination [32] , [33] .…”

Antimicrobial dichloroisocyanurate-salts for controlled release of chlorine

“…19 In this context, examples of chlorine-containing compounds available for water disinfection effects include chloroisocyanurates (sodium dichloroisocyanurate, trichloroisocyanuric acid), and hypochlorites (ex: Li, Ca, and Na hypochlorite). [20][21][22][23][24][25] These compounds generate Free Available Chlorine (FAC) in the form of HClO and ClO − . FAC is a measure of the oxidizing or bactericidal ability of active chlorine in a compound, expressed as elemental chlorine, and is commonly referred to in the water treatment industry as a weight percent.…”