The use of social networking sites, body image dissatisfaction, and body dysmorphic disorder: A systematic review of psychological research.

Abstract

The escalation of social networking site (SNS) usage has led to much research examining both the positive and negative implications SNS can have on well-being. However, whilst many studies have investigated the relationship between SNS usage and body image, there remains a paucity of research in regards to SNS usage and Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD). A systematic search was undertaken using Web of Science, PsychInfo and PubMed databases to identify SNS usage and patterns, SNS features and mediating factors contributing towards body image dissatisfaction, resulting in 40 studies meeting specific inclusion criteria. Findings identified passive SNS use and appearance-focused SNS use as particularly influential. Appearance-based comparisons were also found to be a strong mediator between SNS use and body image dissatisfaction. Using the current knowledge, parallels were highlighted in terms of body image dissatisfaction and BDD symptomatology, suggesting frequent SNS usage as a potential risk factor in the development of BDD symptoms.

The association between social media addiction and eating disturbances is mediated by muscle dysmorphia-related symptoms: a cross-sectional study in a sample of young adults

“…Further, it has been suggested that the increasing amount of posts identified with the hashtag “fitspiration” (i.e., contents shared to promote healthy messages focused on fitness, exercise, eating styles, physical appearance, and weight control) can emphasize unrealistic body image as well as unattainable habits, thus leading to negative feelings in relation to mood, self-esteem, body image and emotional well-being [ 18 , 21 – 25 ]. This can also contribute [ 26 ] to induce in vulnerable users symptoms related to a specific form of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), the so called muscle dysmorphia (MD), characterized by extreme preoccupation over one’s physical appearance and muscularity and by compulsive physical exercise [ 16 , 27 ].…”

Perceived Challenges and Online Harms from Social Media Use on a Severity Continuum: A Qualitative Psychological Stakeholder Perspective

“…Recent evidence has expanded the scope of inquiry into specific behaviours associated with problematic outcomes beyond time spent engaged in the activity: compulsive texting and diminishing academic performance [ 51 ]; daily interruptions and reduced productivity [ 52 ]; excessive selfie-taking and negative comparisons associated with narcissistic tendencies, disordered eating, body image concerns and body dysmorphic disorder [ 53 , 54 , 55 ]; the experience of fear of missing out (FoMO; missing out on pleasurable activities), and nomophobia (‘no mobile phone’ phobia) [ 56 , 57 ]; compulsive use and checking behaviours [ 58 , 59 ]; exhibiting aggression, cyberbullying and cyberstalking [ 60 ]; phubbing (snubbing an individual by using ones smartphone instead of engaging socially) [ 61 ]; sexting and sext-sharing [ 62 ]; and problematic smartphone use [ 63 , 64 ].…”

Bonding With Parents, Body Image, and Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance as Predictors of Eating Disorders Among Young Girls

“…Rodgers' ( 40 ) meta-analysis indicated significant effect sizes of exposure to pro-eating disorder websites on body image dissatisfaction ( d = 41), negative affect, and diet. Furthermore, a systematic review by Ryding and Kuss ( 41 ) showed that appearance-related activity on social media was a stronger predictor of body image disturbances than social media use alone.…”