The use of shield wires for reducing induced voltages from lightning electromagnetic fields

Practical methodology for modeling and simulation of a lightning protection system using metal-oxide surge arresters for distribution lines

“…These overvoltages can be either of internal origin, due to switching breaker, current harmonics and resonance phenomena, or of an external nature, resulting from lightning or the effects of electromagnetic fields. In this context, the most significant are overvoltages of atmospheric origin, which impinge directly on the electrical systems (direct lightning) or in close proximity to them (indirect lightning) and can cause overvoltages of high magnitude on the lines [2][3][4][5].…”

“…However, a direct strike on a power system causes significantly greater overvoltages than those induced by indirect lightning and electromagnetic coupling between the line and the lightning channel, causing the overvoltages to undergo minor changes due to electromagnetic coupling [2][3][4][5]. The calculation of these overvoltages induced by the electromagnetic interactions can be accomplished via the determination of the electric and magnetic potentials associated with the charges in the return stroke channel and from the currents propagated in the channel and in the structure, as shown in [12][13][14][15].…”

“…Lightning protection systems can be employed in various analyses and solve different problems, such as appraisal of lightning induced voltages by direct and indirect lightning, reduction of unplanned shutdowns, and definition of the location and number of surge arresters that need to be installed to protect an electric power system. Furthermore, lightning protection systems can be used to determine the influence of the location of surge arresters in different phases of a system, the application of shield wire, the use of surge arresters with or without a spark-gap, analyzing the level of shutdowns of transmission and distribution lines and the energy absorption performance of surge arresters [2][3][4][5][6][7][8].…”

The influence of seasonal soil moisture on the behavior of soil resistivity and power distribution grounding systems

“…Due to the inherent high frequency content of the lightning surges, the performance of distribution systems is strongly affected by the ground resistance locally [1][2][3][4][5], and, in this case, high values cannot be compensated by increasing the number of grounding points.…”

Modeling of the behavior of medium voltage insulators against lightning overvoltages

“…FUKUI, 1989;NUCCI et al, 1993;RACHIDI et al, 1996;KANASHIRO, 2005;KANASHIRO, 2006;PIANTINI et al, 2007;PIANTINI, 2008;JANISZEWSKI, 2013 PIANTINI et al, 2004;RAKOV;UMAN, 2007;PIANTINI, JANISZEWSKI, 2009). …”