“…Because they are performed before program completion, formative evaluations lack quantitative evidence on results, especially when conducted early in implementation before monitoring data become available. This is especially true for evaluations of programs aiming to reduce environmental stress, since such results may only become apparent many years after program completion (GEF IEO, 2018a; Sidman et al, 2020). Quantitative evidence, especially if coming from datasets created by outside sources, reduces subjectivity, bias or lack of transparency if evidence sources need to be hidden for confidentiality, which can be inherent in qualitative methods (Ramona, 2011).…”