The use of ozone in trout hatchery to reduce saprolegniasis incidence

Forneris, Gilberto; Bellardi, Sergio; Palmegiano, Gb; Saroglia, Marco; Sicuro, Benedetto; Gasco, Laura; Zoccarato, Ivo

doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(02)00518-5

Cited by 61 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Presently there are few licensed chemicals for controlling Saprolegnia infection in salmonid eggs and no chemicals that give sufficient protection against Saprolegnia infection after hatching (21). S. parasitica is inhibited by low concentrations of sodium chloride (22), with the sodium chloride helping to counteract osmotic stress in affected fish with damaged skin.…”

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confidence: 99%

Clotrimazole as a Potent Agent for Treating the Oomycete Fish Pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica through Inhibition of Sterol 14α-Demethylase (CYP51)

Warrilow

Hull

Rolley

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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A candidate CYP51 gene encoding sterol 14␣-demethylase from the fish oomycete pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica (SpCYP51) was identified based on conserved CYP51 residues among CYPs in the genome. It was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and characterized. Lanosterol, eburicol, and obtusifoliol bound to purified SpCYP51 with similar binding affinities (K s , 3 to 5 M). Eight pharmaceutical and six agricultural azole antifungal agents bound tightly to SpCYP51, with posaconazole displaying the highest apparent affinity (K d , <3 nM) and prothioconazole-desthio the lowest (K d , ϳ51 nM). The efficaciousness of azole antifungals as SpCYP51 inhibitors was confirmed by 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC 50 s) of 0.17 to 2.27 M using CYP51 reconstitution assays. However, most azole antifungal agents were less effective at inhibiting S. parasitica, Saprolegnia diclina, and Saprolegnia ferax growth. Epoxiconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, and posaconazole failed to inhibit Saprolegnia growth (MIC 100 , >256 g ml ؊1 ). The remaining azoles inhibited Saprolegnia growth only at elevated concentrations (MIC 100 [the lowest antifungal concentration at which growth remained completely inhibited after 72 h at 20°C], 16 to 64 g ml ؊1 ) with the exception of clotrimazole, which was as potent as malachite green (MIC 100 , ϳ1 g ml ؊1 ). Sterol profiles of azole-treated Saprolegnia species confirmed that endogenous CYP51 enzymes were being inhibited with the accumulation of lanosterol in the sterol fraction. The effectiveness of clotrimazole against SpCYP51 activity (IC 50 , ϳ1 M) and the concentration inhibiting the growth of Saprolegnia species in vitro (MIC 100 , ϳ1 to 2 g ml ؊1 ) suggest that clotrimazole could be used against Saprolegnia infections, including as a preventative measure by pretreatment of fish eggs, and for freshwater-farmed fish as well as in leisure activities.

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confidence: 99%

Clotrimazole as a Potent Agent for Treating the Oomycete Fish Pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica through Inhibition of Sterol 14α-Demethylase (CYP51)

Warrilow

Hull

Rolley

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…A. invadans for example can cause epizootic ulcerative syndrome in over a hundred of mostly freshwater fish 23, 24 ,25 , but also in some brackish fish species 26,27 . In aquaculture conditions, the most appropriate control is through eradication of the stock, quarantine of new stocks and good husbandry 19,28 , and as such represent a significant cost to the trade 29 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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2016

IJPSR

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ABSTRACT:The present investigation deals with the histological and histopathological altarations in Channa striatus infected with fungi Aspergillus fumigates and Aspergillus niger. Fresh water murrels were collected from Dharmasagar and Hasanparthy lakes and Local fish markets of Warangal district. This is due to the nature of their habitats as many native species of fish suffer from living beneath turbid water. Among the recent emerging infection diseases responsible for severe population declines in plant and animal taxa, fungal and fungi-like microbes have emerged as significant contributors. Isolated fungi from infected fish bodies were identified as Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger. Histopathologically different kinds of destructions were observed in Skin, Muscles, Gills and Liver of the infected fish. Histopathological observations of stained sections of infected fishes revealed pathological lesions of varying severity in studied organs including skin (exhibits compeletely lost epidermis, destiended cells, many of cells lost their cytoplasm and nuclei. Necrotized muscular layer with the formation of granulomas and encysted conidiophores), gills ( hyperplasia and hyperplasia of lamellar epithelium, fusion of lamellae, rod like structures of secondary gill lamellae, cystic-like lesions) and liver ( hypermia and haemorrhage, bile duct hyperplasia, dialated sinuses, interstitial oedema, monocellular necrosis, nuclear degeneration and hypertrophy in hepatocytes). The present study is aimed to assess the histopathological impact of fungal infection of an air breathing freshwater teleost C. striatus. Penetrating fungal hyphae were observed in skin and complete muscles were observed with formation of mycotic fibrillar granulomas. This is concluded that the mycosis variations in certain histological and histopathologically, exerted destructive effects on skin, gills and liver of Channa striatus.

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“…Exposure of incoming hatchery water, by U.V radiation significantly reduce trout egg loss in hatchery (Heikkinen et al, 2013). At the same time, studies has also revealed that ozone (Forneris et al, 2003), H 2 O 2 (Gaikowski et al, 1998) and UV radiation (Heikkinen et al, 2013) may decrease egg hatching percentage during trout eggs incubation. To achieve better egg survival, antibiotics are also used.…”

Section: Issn: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 1 (2017) Pp 697-706mentioning

confidence: 99%