The use of oral transmucosal detomidine hydrochloride gel to facilitate handling in dogs

Pharmacokinetics of detomidine following intravenous or oral-transmucosal administration and sedative effects of the oral-transmucosal treatment in dogs

“…The narrow range in concentrations during this time may be a result of delayed drug uptake from the site of administration, which could result from local effects on vessel tone. 4 Similar results in the concentration-versus-time profiles of detomidine following OTM administration of the gel preparation were also observed in horses. 22 This effect was detectable in dogs of our study as pallor of the mucous membranes on the ipsilateral side of drug administration, an effect that was reported in a prior study.…”

“…6 In addition, the first-pass hepatic effect of orally administered drugs is avoided with OTM administration, and the rich blood supply to the oral mucosa allows for therapeutic circulating concentrations to be reached. 4 To our knowledge, there are no studies assessing the efficacy of detomidine gel administered by the OTM route at higher doses to induce sedation and recumbency in dogs, such as would be required for minimally invasive procedures or diagnostic imaging. 8 In dogs, parenterally administered dexmedetomidine is a typical protocol for sedation and restraint.…”

Effect of Intramuscular Medetomidine Administration on Tear Flow in Rats

“…Medetomidine, an α 2 -adrenoceptor agonist, is widely used as a sedative or analgesic in veterinary medicine [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. In addition to medetomidine, other α 2 -adrenoceptor agonists such as detomidine [9][10][11], dexmedetomidine [1,[12][13][14], xylazine [4,7,9,14,15], and romifidine [9,10,[16][17][18][19][20] are also used clinically in many domestic species. Furthermore, some α 2 -adrenoceptor agonists, including medetomidine, are administered not only alone, but also in combination with other drugs, such as opioids, benzodiazepine, phenothiazine, and ketamine [3,5,6,8,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27].…”

Effect of environmental noise and music on dexmedetomidine-induced sedation in dogs

“…Animals’ spontaneous behavior was assessed every 5 min throughout the entire experiment, and an average score was calculated and analyzed for each evaluation period (baseline, noise exposure and post-treatment). The scoring system used was adapted from previously reported canine sedation scales ( Girard et al, 2009 ; Hofmeister, Chandler & Read, 2010 ; Hopfensperger et al, 2013 ) with some modifications ( Table 1 ). A single blinded observer (JA) performed the behavioral assessments using video recordings in a randomized order (arranged and coded by a non-observer) and played without sound.…”

“…The same blinded observer evaluated and scored the ability of the subject to walk to the observer, resistance to restraint, and reaction to sharp sound at R1 and R2 time points. Scoring was performed using a previously reported canine sedation scale ( Girard et al, 2009 ; Hofmeister, Chandler & Read, 2010 ; Hopfensperger et al, 2013 ) with some modifications ( Table 2 ). The scores for each of the phases of the restraint testing were combined and reported as one composite restraint score for R1 and R2 time points.…”