Biological Stain.s stains and stains for woody tissue. This grouping is no more absolute, however, than the separation between general tissue stains and connective tissue stains in the zoological field. Probably the most frequently used dye in botanical microtechnic is hematoxylin, which is employed in a number of procedures either for general tissue or woody tissue. Another very valuable dye is safranin which is one of the best nuclear stains employed in botanical work; with a green or blue counterstain, very effective pictures are obtained.Various combinations of stains have been employed for certain more highly specialized purposes, such as staining fungi in tissues, or for demonstrating pollen tubes in the style. For such purposes as this, numerous dyes have been called for, such as thionin, orange G, martins yellow, malachite green, acid fuchsin, methyl gjeen, carmine, basic fuchsin, and lacmoid. It is nevertheless true, as stated above, that there is by no means such a variety of staining procedures in plant histology as in the zoological field.Plant Cytology. Although the statement just made is true in the general histological field, it cannot be made in regard to cytology. The earliest cytological work was done with plant material, probably because of the greater ease with which rapidly dividing cells (meristematic tissue) can be obtained from plants than from animals. The result is a very considerable variety of procedures in plant cytology. Best known among them, undoubtedly, are: the variations of the hematoxylin methods; the Flemming triple stain, which calls for crystal violet, safranin, and orange G; and the aceto-carmine method employed for fresh smears of anthers. There are numerous special combinations of crystal violet and of safranin, each with particular counterstains designed to bring out certain desired effects.It is interesting to note that, although there are many dyes used in both plant and animal microtechnic, there are others that are important in one of these fields but not in the other. Thus carmine and safranin are pre-eminently botanical stains, methylene blue a very important zoological stain that is hardly ever employed by the botanist.where simple solution is the obvious explanation; these, however, form a special case.
INDEXIn this index the preferred designations of dyes are printed in bold face type, synonyms in itaUcs. Figures in bold face type indicate the principal references.