“…The few studies on the substantive educational effects of LMOOCs that do exist are mostly exploratory in nature. In these studies, several language learning constructs have been investigated including flipped learning (Zhang, 2017;Wang & Wright, 2018), blended learning (Titova, 2017;Luo, 2020), motivation (Beaven, Codreanu, & Creuze, 2014;Uchidiuno, Ogan, Yarzebinski, & Hammer, 2017), interaction (Martin-Monje, Martin-Monje, Castrillo, & Manana-Rodigrez, 2018;Rubio, 2015), personalisation (Perifanou, 2014(Perifanou, , 2015 and pronunciation (Rubio, 2014). Research on LMOOCs can be divided into two main categories: LMOOCs as an alternative to traditional, face-to-face courses, and LMOOCs integrated into a multimodal approach, combining on-and offline learning (Jitpaisarnwattana et al, 2019).…”