The use of mixing models and chemical geothermometers for estimating underground temperatures in geothermal systems

Arnórsson, Stefán

doi:10.1016/0377-0273(85)90039-3

Cited by 130 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The following are the main selected geo-thermometers which are utilized in this study: ICEBOX-Watch, 2.1 software was used for conducting the necessary calculations. The scientific procedures followed in these analyses are based mainly on the work of Fournier andRowe (1966), Fournier (1977), Fournier and Potter (1982), Arnorsson (1985Arnorsson ( , 2000 and Arnorsson et al (2002). The most important parameters to be concluded from this analysis are the chemical characteristics of the deep fluid, its actual subsurface temperature, discharged enthalpy and heat flow.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many workers had dealt with using the geo-thermometers for subsurface formation temperature studies. The most important works are those done by Fournier and Rowe (1966), Ellis and Mahon (1977), Fournier (1977), Fournier and Potter (1982), Swanberg et al (1983), Arnorsson et al (1983Arnorsson et al ( , 1985, Arnorsson and Stefansson (1999), and Arnorsson et al (2002). The geo-thermometers are usually used to estimate some important geothermal parameters such as heat flow, discharge enthalpy and subsurface formation temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The geothermal potential of Jizan area, Southwestern parts of Saudi Arabia

Lashin¹,

Arifi²

2012

Int. J. Phys. Sci.

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The geothermal resources of Saudi Arabia are mainly located in the southwestern parts associated with a series of volcanic rocks and ridges. Jizan area is considered as one of the most promising geothermal targets which are characterized by the presence of a number of structural related hot springs with a surface temperature range of 46 to 79°C at the surface. This work mainly aims to throw light on the possible potentiality of these resources at Jizan area, through analyzing the available satellite images and interpreting the geothermometer data. A number of Landsat and Spot satellite images, which cover the study area, are analyzed. The drainage pattern, digital elevation model and the prevailing structural elements are all interpreted. Three main thermal anomalies are recognized (Al Ardah, Al Khouba and Bani Malik), and more closely located to the east, away from the coastal plain in areas of high and complicated topographic nature, and originating from hard crystalline rocks. The general slope decreases notably westward from 45° in the high hill areas to 1° near the sea coast. The prevailing drainage patterns are mainly denderitic, running seaward and associated with up to four seaward-oriented coastal basins. A geo-thermometer based study (Silica, Na, K and Mg) was performed by analyzing the different water samples collected from the different studied hot springs and adjacent water wells to determine the subsurface formation temperature, heat flow and water type. Much higher thermal regimes are recognized in the localities occupied by the hot springs as compared with other surrounding areas. Maximum values up to 152°C and 210 mW/M 2 are recorded for the subsurface temperature and heat flow respectively. The studied hot springs are promised and needs to be further investigated and accessed by additional geophysical methodologies.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The geothermal potential of Jizan area, Southwestern parts of Saudi Arabia

Lashin¹,

Arifi²

2012

Int. J. Phys. Sci.

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“…One of the main reasons, consistent with incomplete geothermal evaluations in many other areas in the World, is because hot deep hydrothermal fluids only occasionally come in contact with shallow cold aquifer(s) along ascending convective branches in fault systems. The importance of this factor has been recognized for decades and is clearly demonstrated by common mixing processes occurring at various degrees between hot rising fluids and cold meteoric descending fluids (Fournier, 1977;Arnòrsson, 1985).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geothermal potential and origin of natural thermal fluids in the northern Lake Abaya area, Main Ethiopian Rift, East Africa

Minissale

Corti

Tassi

et al. 2017

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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In this study, the occurrence, chemical composition, origin and geothermal significance of thermal springs and fumaroles naturally discharging in the area located north of the Lake Abaya (western margin of the Main Ethiopian Rift, East Africa) are reviewed in relation with recent tectonics. All thermal springs showed a dominantly Na-HCO 3 composition, consistent with observations dating from at least 1972, and most of them displayed a narrow range of δD and δ 18 O isotopic compositions for water similar to regional meteoric origins. These observations suggest that water-rock interaction processes occur in all aquifers and dominate the contributions of water that actively circulate within thermal fluids, and also suggest a similar elevation of groundwater recharge throughout the study area. Most of the thermal springs are dominated by a CO 2 -rich gas phase and discharge along the active faults bordering the western edge of the Main Ethiopian Rift valley. The δ 13 C values of CO 2 and the 3 He/ 4 He isotopic ratios are consistent with the presence of mantle-derived fluids similar to what is observed in many other areas along the kinematically active African Rift, especially within Ethiopia. The application of geothermometric techniques in the liquid and the gas phases suggests the presence of a deep reservoir in which the fluids equilibrated at a maximum temperature of approximately 180°C. Additionally, the presence of fumaroles at boiling temperatures and water/mud boiling pools in several places suggests that the geothermal reservoir is positioned at a relatively shallow depth and likely located in the western side of the study area. The analysis of data collected throughout time reveals that the waters of Lake Abaya have experienced an increase in salinity of 20% paralleled contemporaneously with a decrease in pH and δ 18 O and δD of water in the last 40 years; these changes do not appear to be related to climate changeinduced increases in temperature or evaporation at the global scale.

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“…This is a temperature-dependent model for reservoir equilibrium estimation based on specific chemical reactions or isotope equilibrium fractionation (Pang 2001 (Arnorsson 1985).…”

Section: Geothermometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Groundwater mixing and geochemical assessment of low-enthalpy resources in the geothermal field of southwestern Tunisia

Besser

Mokadem

Redhaounia

et al. 2018

Euro-Mediterr J Environ Integr

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In southern Tunisia, the lack of permanent surface water, associated with drought conditions, leads to an endless abstraction from the limited low renewable multi-layered aquifer system of Système Aquifère du Sahara Septentrional containing two principal aquifers, the complex terminal and the Continental Intercalaire (CI) multi-layered systems. The deepest aquifer embodies the low-enthalpy thermal resources of Southern Tunisia. The thermo-mineral surface manifestations of the conductively heated waters reveal the complexity of the geotectonic history of the region and create oases systems in net contrast to the desertic landscape of the Chotts region. As agriculture constitutes the principal economic activity in the studied area and as it is currently threatened by thermal water quality degradation, the present hydrogeological investigation aims for a characterization of the CI thermal resources on the basis of a critical quality evaluation. Thus, different geothermometry approaches have been applied to characterize the low-enthalpy thermal field showing a temperature ranging from 27 to 72 °C. The application of cations geothermometers owns to different temperature estimations ranging from 28 to 202 °C. Based on Na + -Mg 2+ -K + , K + -Mg 2+ -Ca 2+ and HCO 3 − -Cl − -SO 4 2− geoindicators, the CI thermal resources refer to immature waters characterized by MI varying from − 0.5 to 0.19. The assessment of groundwater chemical composition based on a Durov diagram proves that CI thermal water is governed by mixing between different water bodies with relative abundance of Na + , Cl − , and SO 4 2− elements. According to D'Amore genetic diagram and meteoric genesis indices, the analyzed groundwater derived from deep circulation in sandy formations. The water quality can change along fluid migration pathways expressed by scattered isotopic and chemical data and a number of mixing ratios. Most changes in the background CI composition result from continuous pumping that modifies natural flows and increase quality degradation.

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The use of mixing models and chemical geothermometers for estimating underground temperatures in geothermal systems

Cited by 130 publications

References 22 publications

The geothermal potential of Jizan area, Southwestern parts of Saudi Arabia

The geothermal potential of Jizan area, Southwestern parts of Saudi Arabia

Geothermal potential and origin of natural thermal fluids in the northern Lake Abaya area, Main Ethiopian Rift, East Africa

Groundwater mixing and geochemical assessment of low-enthalpy resources in the geothermal field of southwestern Tunisia

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