The use of medium cutoff dialyzers in patients with multiple myeloma and acute kidney injury requiring hemodialysis: A systematic review

Abstract

Background: Patients with multiple myeloma and high serum levels of circulating free light chains (FLC) have increased risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) secondary to cast nephropathy and is associated with poor survival. Despite removal of FLC by medium cutoff (MCO) dialyzer, the role of MCO hemodialysis (HD) in the treatment of cast nephropathy and its clinical benefits remain unknown. Methods: A systematic review was conducted to establish the effectiveness of MCO dialyzer and clinical outcomes, compared to other forms of dialyzers in the removal of FLC, in myeloma patients with AKI. The primary outcome was effectiveness of MCO‐HD in reducing serum FLC. The secondary outcomes were HD independence, estimated glomerular filtrate rate, mortality rates, length of hospitalization, rebound of serum FLC before the next dialysis, removal of other molecules during dialysis, and adverse events. Results: We identified three case series, with a total of 17 patients. There were no randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or cohort studies. These case series showed that MCO dialyzer was effective in the removal of FLC and led to a reduction in FLC concentration post‐dialysis. The majority of the case series did not have comparator arm and renal and/or other clinical outcomes. Conclusion: MCO dialyzer appeared to be effective in the removal of FLC based on the existing limited data. However, more data, particularly large‐scale RCTs, are needed to assess the use of MCO dialyzer in reducing serum FLC and its effect on clinical outcomes in patients with multiple myeloma and AKI.