The use of mean pool abundances to interpret 15N tracer experiments

Barraclough, D.

doi:10.1007/bf00010423

Cited by 125 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Fresh soil was labelled with ("&NH % ) # SO % or K"&NO $ and extracted with 2  KCl after 0, 1, 2, 3 and 7 d. Ammonium and nitrate concentrations were measured and "&N:"%N ratios of the ammonium and nitrate molecules determined by mass spectrometry. Gross rates of mineralization, immobilization and nitrification were obtained from these measurements using the formula of Barraclough (1991). The soil under Knott Wood has a large nitrate pool relative to the measured rates of mineralization and nitrification (Table 4).…”

Section: Nitrification In N-saturated Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen deposition and its contribution to nitrogen cycling and associated soil processes

et al. 1998

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Human activity has greatly perturbed the nitrogen cycle through increased fixation by legumes, by energy and fertilizer production, and by the mobilization of N from long-term storage pools. This extra reactive N is readily transported through the environment, and there is increasing evidence that it is changing ecosystems through eutrophication and acidification. Rothamsted Experimental Station, UK has been involved in research on N cycling in ecosystems since its inception in 1843. Measurements of precipitation composition at Rothamsted, made since 1853, show an increase of nitrate and ammonium N in precipitation from 1 and 3 kg N ha −" yr −" , respectively, in 1855 to a maximum of 8 and 10 kg N ha −" yr −" in 1980, decreasing to 4 and 5 kg N ha −" yr −" today. Nitrogen inputs via dry deposition do, however, remain high. Recent measurements with diffusion tubes and filter packs show large concentrations of nitrogen dioxide of c. 20 µg m −$ in winter and c. 10 µg m −$ in summer ; the difference is linked to the use of central heating, and with variations in wind direction and pollutant source. Concentrations of nitric acid and particulate N exhibit maxima of 1n5 and 2 µg m −$ in summer and winter, respectively. Concentrations of ammonia are small, barely rising above 1 µg m −$ .Taking deposition velocities from the literature gives a total deposition of all measured N species to winter cereals of 43n3 kg N ha −" yr −" , 84 % as oxidized species, 79 % dry deposited. The fate of this N deposited to the very long-term Broadbalk Continuous Wheat Experiment at Rothamsted has been simulated using the SUNDIAL N-cycling model : at equilibrium, after 154 yr of the experiment and with N deposition increasing from c. 10 kg ha −" yr −" in 1843 to 45 kg ha −" yr −" today, c. 5 % is leached, 12 % is denitrified, 30 % immobilized in the soil organic matter and 53 % taken off in the crop. The ' efficiency of use ' of the deposited N decreases, and losses and immobilization increase as the amount of fertilizer N increases. The deposited N itself, and the acidification that is associated with it (from the nitric acid, ammonia and ammonium), has reduced the number of plant species on the 140-yr-old Park Grass hay meadow. It has also reduced methane oxidation rates in soil by c. 15 % under arable land and 30 % under woodland, and has caused N saturation of local woodland ecosystems : nitrous oxide emission rates of up to 1n4 kg ha −" yr −" are equivalent to those from arable land receiving 200 kg N ha −" yr −" , and in proportion to the excess N deposited ; measurements of N cycling processes and pools using "&N pool dilution techniques show a large nitrate pool and enhanced rates of nitrification relative to immobilization. Ratios of gross nitrification : gross immobilization might prove to be good indices of N saturation.

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Section: Nitrification In N-saturated Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen deposition and its contribution to nitrogen cycling and associated soil processes

et al. 1998

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“…By using the '*NHddilution technique (Nishio et al, 1989;Barraclough, 1991;Geens et al, 1991) it may be possible to determine the gross rates of the N mineralization and immobilization processes and how these processes are affected by MSX. In addition, more direct evidence of the MSX effect on the GS activity of soil is required through an enzyme assay to determine the GS activity in soil.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in inorganic N and CO2 evolution in soil induced by l-methionine-sulphoximine

Landi

Badalucco²,

Nannipieri

1995

Soil Biology and Biochemistry

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Summary-Short-term (up to 48 h) incubation assays were conducted in the presence of L-methionine-DL-sulphoximine (MSX), an inhibitor of glutamine synthetase, to assess its effect on exchangeable NH: -N, NOT-N production, and CO2 evolution. A sandy-clay-loam (Pistoia) and a sandy (Romola) soil were moistened and either amended with glucose (200 pmol glucose-c g-I soil), glucose + (NH&SO., [50 ymol N g -' soil as (NH&SO41 or left unamended. In the two unamended soils, NH:-N concentration was increased by the highest MSX level (1 pmol g-I soil), while the lowest inhibitor concentration (0.5 pmol g-' soil) had less influence. NH:-N concentrations were higher with I pmol MSX than without the inhibitor in the glucose-only-treated Pistoia soil in the (r12 h period; thereafter the opposite situation was observed. Probably the CO2 evolution increased as a result of inhibitor mineralization after 12 h. In the glucose-treated Romola soil both MSX concentrations were generally effective in increasing NH:-N concentrations with respect to the same amendment without the inhibitor. These increases were probably due to glutamine synthetase inhibition by MSX and not to the presence of mineralization of the inhibitor because CO2 evolution was only slightly increased at 48 h by MSX. Probably, as a result of this inhibition, Nor-N was used as an alternative N source in the glucose-amended Romola soil. The inhibitor had no significant effect on NH:-N concentration when both soils were amended with glucose + (NH&SO4 probably because, in the presence of high NH:-N concentrations, NH, assimilation occurred more through glutamate dehydrogenase than through glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase enzymes. NOT-N concentrations were decreased by MSX in the glucose-amended Romola but not in the glucose-amended Pistoia soil.

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“…However, since several N transformations occur concomitantly in the soil, such methods only allow the estimation of net reaction rates. Alternatively, methods using 15 N labeled nitrate ( 15 NO 3 − ) and ammonium ( 15 NH 4 + ) can track the changes of both NH 4 + and NO 3 − concentrations and their isotopic forms, allowing estimation of the actual reaction rates, so-termed "gross rates", of the main N transformations (Barraclough et al, 1985, Barraclough, 1991. The most common method for measuring the abundance ratio of isotopic N species is based on IRMS.…”

Section: A Novel Methods Combining Ftir-atr Spectroscopy and Stable Ismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The consumption of N species from each pool is proportional to the pool's isotopic fractionation. In other words, it is assumed that, as reported by Barraclough (1991) and Davidson et al (1991), there is no preferential consumption of 14 N and 15 N by microorganisms during the short time of incubation, so that formation processes are the sole cause for pool fractionation alterations; 2. 15 N immobilized from the NH 4 + pool is not remineralized back into the pool (Davidson et al, 1991).…”

Section: A Novel Methods Combining Ftir-atr Spectroscopy and Stable Ismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two types of incubations were conducted (Barraclough et al, 1985;Barraclough, 1991) N) is the average change rate of the relevant pool in mg N kg -1 dry soil d -1 , t is time (days). Equations 1 and 2 were developed based on Barraclough et al (1985), and modified so that the rate equations of NH 4 + and NO 3 − are used instead of the rate equation for the total mineral-N. Equations 1 and 2 can be solved using the data of the abundance ratios during the incubation.…”

Section: Isotope Dilution Technique and Gross Rate Estimationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Novel Method Combining FTIR-ATR Spectroscopy and Stable Isotopes to Investigate the Kinetics of Nitrogen Transformations in Soils

Kira

Linker

Shaviv

2014

Soil Science Society of America Journal

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Understanding and quantifying n transformations in soil is critical for sustainable use of this important plant nutrient and for understanding the mechanisms through which polluting n species are discharged to the environment. Advanced methods such as the "isotope dilution technique", which uses stable n-isotopes to estimate gross mineralization and nitrification rates, answer this need. In this study the use of fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (fTIR-ATR) spectroscopy for measuring isotopic n species concentrations directly in soil pastes was tested as a complementary technique to the commonly used isotope ratio mass spectrometry ( Abbreviations: ATR, attenuated total reflectance; FTIR, Fourier transform infrared; IDT, isotope dilution technique; IRMS, isotope ratio mass spectroscopy; PLS, partial least squares.

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The use of mean pool abundances to interpret 15N tracer experiments

Cited by 125 publications

References 6 publications

Nitrogen deposition and its contribution to nitrogen cycling and associated soil processes

Nitrogen deposition and its contribution to nitrogen cycling and associated soil processes

Changes in inorganic N and CO2 evolution in soil induced by l-methionine-sulphoximine

A Novel Method Combining FTIR-ATR Spectroscopy and Stable Isotopes to Investigate the Kinetics of Nitrogen Transformations in Soils

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