The Use of Ketamine in Restraint of a Black-Bellied Pangolin (Manis tetradactyla)

Check list of parasites and bacteria recorded from pangolins (Manis sp.)

“…Genus Amblyomma was reported from all the above six pangolin species. It is interesting to know that unidentified ticks had been reported from M. tetradactyla (Robinson 1983). Three genera of ticks (Amblyomma, Rhipicephalus and Aponomma) reported from both Asian and African pangolin species.…”

Pangolin

“…Pangolins are found in the southern regions of Asia as well as in sub-Saharan Africa and prefer a range of predominantly vegetated habitats where their main dietary components of ants and termites are abundant (Choo et al 2016;Gaudin et al 2009;Robinson 1983; Save Pangolins 2019a; Wilson 1994). Apart from their characteristic scaly armor, pangolins may use a foulsmelling odor secreted from their anal glands as a further defensive measure (Ganguly 2013;Wilson 1994).…”

“…Pangolins boast a variety of specialist adaptations that make them well-equipped for their particular ecological niche. Their powerful clawed front legs are ideally suited for burrowing or climbing trees, as well as breaking open ant hills and termite mounds so as to reach their prey items (Ganguly 2013;Robinson 1983;Wilson 1994). Tree-dwelling species tend to use their prehensile tail to add to their climbing prowess (Ganguly 2013;Robinson 1983).…”

“…Besides being the only extant species within their lineage, pangolins feature a full-body scaly keratinous armor that is unique among mammals. Functionally similar to the armored bands of the armadillo, the pangolin's scaly armor makes it relatively impervious to predator attacks when curled into a ball, and the scales' sharp edges additionally deter attempts to circumvent this defensive mechanism (Ganguly 2013;Robinson 1983;Wilson 1994). Correspondingly, the name "pangolin" derives from the Malay "Pengguling" which roughly translates to "rolling," as per the animal's defensive mechanism (Lexico 2019).…”

Husbandry of pangolins Manis spp

“…The animals are extremely sensitive to benzenehydrochloride (BHC) containing compounds such as DDT and Lindane (van Ee, 1966) and use of these compounds in the treatment of ectoparasites can be fatal. Pangolins have been successfully anaesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride at 18-25 mg/kg body mass (Robinson, 1983). Causes of death in captivity vary but stress, parasitism.…”