The use of juvenile Solea solea as sentinel in the marine platform of the Ebre Delta: in vitro interaction of emerging contaminants with the liver detoxification system

Abstract

Juveniles of Solea solea were sampled during the spring season in three consecutive years at a marine site by the mouth of the Ebre river. The aim was to assess if the extractive works from the toxic load upstream the river could be reflected on the health status of the fish living at the immediate sea. The biomarkers selected for the in vivo field study are commonly used as indicators of chemical exposures. They include activities of energy metabolism: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and citrate synthase (CS); neurotoxicity: cholinesterases (ChE); xenobiotic metabolism: cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent: EROD and BFCOD, carboxylesterase (CbE), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase (UDPGT); and oxidative stress parameters such as catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) as well as levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO). These biomarkers were mostly analysed in liver but also in gills and muscle depending on their particular tissue distribution and role. A complementary in vitro approach was also sought to see the capacity of common emerging contaminants (pharmaceuticals and personal care products; PPCPs) to interact with the liver microsomal detoxification system of the fish (EROD, BFCOD and CbE activities). The results indicated that in fish sampled in 2015 there was an enhancement in detoxification parameters (EROD, BFCOD and gill GR), muscular ChEs and gill CS, but a decrease in CbE activity and a marked oxidative stress situation (increased LPO and decreased CAT activity). Also, 4 out of the 10 PPCPs tested in vitro were able to interact with the CYP3A4 (BFCOD) enzymatic system while the lipid regulators simvastatin and fenofibrate inhibited CbE activity, as it occurs in higher vertebrates. The in vivo results support the use of a multibiomarker approach when assessing the disturbances due to chemical exposures, not only spatially but also over time, once the influence of other variables has been taken into consideration. The in vitro results highlight the importance of the CYP3A4 and CbE pathway in pharmaceutical metabolism, also in fish.

Selenium nanoparticles are required for the optimum growth behavior, antioxidative capacity, and liver wellbeing of Striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus)

“…The results showed that Se was higher in the liver of fish fed dietary Se at 1 mg/kg comparing to the other levels, but this level is comparable with other previous studies. The liver tissue is responsible for the detoxification of external agents that probably impair the health of fish ( Crespo and Solé, 2016 ). Therefore, the increased level of Se in the liver of Striped catfish is associated with liver function to regulate Se level in the entire body.…”

Effects of industrial pollution on the reproductive biology of Squalius laietanus (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae) in a Mediterranean stream (NE Iberian Peninsula)

“…All assays were carried out in triplicate at 25°C, except 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) and 7-benzyloxy-4-[trifluoromethyl]-coumarin-O-debenzyloxylase (BFCOD), which were at 30°C, in 96-wellplates using a TECAN Infinite M200 microplate reader (Salzburg, Austria). A detailed description of this multi-biomarker approach has been recently detailed elsewhere (Crespo and Solé 2016). Briefly, EROD and BFCOD activities were measured using 50 µl of undiluted liver homogenate samples (S10) with a reaction mixture containing: 0.2 mM NADPH, 3.3 µM 7-ethoxyresorufin (ER) or 0.02 mM NADPH and 200 µM BFC in 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4).…”

Metabolite profiling of carbamazepine and ibuprofen in Solea senegalensis bile using high-resolution mass spectrometry

“…To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on CbE induction by these two pharmaceutical drugs in fish although an induction by other drugs such as gemfibrozil, nonylphenol, and ethinylestradiol was formerly reported in vivo in the same fish species [31]. IBU and CBZ have also revealed to inhibit in vitro microsomal CbE activity in several marine species [28], and the lipid regulators simvastatin and fenofibrate interfere in vitro with microsomal CbE of either adults or juveniles of a related species Solea solea [28,32]. Due to the importance of this enzyme family in drug and prodrug metabolism as well as its endogenous role in lipid homeostasis, we recommended its potential use as marker of drug exposures.…”