The Use of InSAR for Monitoring Deformation of Offshore Platforms

Latip, Amir Sharifuddin Ab; Balogun, Abdul‐Lateef; Din, Ami Hassan Md; Ansar, Andi Mohd Hairy

doi:10.1088/1755-1315/767/1/012033

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…InSAR (interferometric synthetic aperture RADAR) Section 3.10.1 [20,[60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69] GNSS (global navigation satellite system) time series Section 3.10.2 [11,20,[70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78] GNSS on an anchored spar buoy GNSS on an Anchored Spar Buoy [79] Bottom pressure recorder + GNSS (MEDUSA System) Bottom Pressure Recorder + GNSS (MEDUSA System) [80][81][82][83] 3. Offshore Subsidence Monitoring Systems 3.1.…”

Section: Section Analyzed Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among these case studies, one case pertains to an artificial island in China, specifically Dalian Jinzhou Bay International Airport (DJBIA) [67]. Additionally, three other cases arise from offshore regions including Malaysia [68], Anga, Italy [20], and an undisclosed location [69]. These investigations yielded subsidence measurements of 6 mm/yr, 8.57 mm/yr, and 6.3 mm/yr, respectively.…”

Section: Gnss (Global Navigation Satellite System) Time Seriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Subsidence Monitoring Techniques in Offshore Environments

Thomas,

Livio,

Ferrario

et al. 2024

Sensors

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In view of the ever-increasing global energy demands and the imperative for sustainability in extraction methods, this article surveys subsidence monitoring systems applied to oil and gas fields located in offshore areas. Subsidence is an issue that can harm infrastructure, whether onshore or especially offshore, so it must be carefully monitored to ensure safety and prevent potential environmental damage. A comprehensive review of major monitoring technologies used offshore is still lacking; here, we address this gap by evaluating several techniques, including InSAR, GNSSs, hydrostatic leveling, and fiber optic cables, among others. Their accuracy, applicability, and limitations within offshore operations have also been assessed. Based on an extensive literature review of more than 60 published papers and technical reports, we have found that no single method works best for all settings; instead, a combination of different monitoring approaches is more likely to provide a reliable subsidence assessment. We also present selected case histories to document the results achieved using integrated monitoring studies. With the emerging offshore energy industry, combining GNSSs, InSAR, and other subsidence monitoring technologies offers a pathway to achieving precision in the assessment of offshore infrastructural stability, thus underpinning the sustainability and safety of offshore oil and gas operations. Reliable and comprehensive subsidence monitoring systems are essential for safety, to protect the environment, and ensure the sustainable exploitation of hydrocarbon resources.

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Section: Section Analyzed Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gnss (Global Navigation Satellite System) Time Seriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Subsidence Monitoring Techniques in Offshore Environments

Thomas,

Livio,

Ferrario

et al. 2024

Sensors

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“…Severe deformations of the offshore platform could occur as a result of fluid extraction or injection, corrosion processes, seismic natural hazards, extreme weather factors (high speed of wind and currents, low temperature and ice), and seabed geotechnical instability. These factors can lead to production losses, issues with structural integrity, instability, and loss of containment [1][2][3][4]. For risk assessment and mitigation through preventive measures, several successful studies focused on offshore platform deformation monitoring using persistent scatterer interferometric synthetic-aperture radar (PS-InSAR) technique in different parts of the world [2,[4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These factors can lead to production losses, issues with structural integrity, instability, and loss of containment [1][2][3][4]. For risk assessment and mitigation through preventive measures, several successful studies focused on offshore platform deformation monitoring using persistent scatterer interferometric synthetic-aperture radar (PS-InSAR) technique in different parts of the world [2,[4][5][6]. As mentioned before, there are no similar publicly accessible InSAR studies for the offshore platforms in the Caspian Sea.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Remote Surveillance of Differential Deformation for Kazakhstan Offshore Kashagan Oilfield Using Microwave Satellite Remote Sensing

Bayramov,

Tessari,

Kada

et al. 2023

Remote Sensing

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The primary objective of this study was to assess differential vertical and horizontal deformations for the offshore Kashagan oilfield located in the Northern Caspian Sea. Sentinel-1 (SNT1) and COSMO-SkyMed (CSK) synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) images (9 January 2018–6 April 2022) were processed using persistent scatterer interferometric SAR (PS-InSAR) technique with further 2D decomposition of line-of-sight (LOS) measurements to differential vertical and horizontal deformations. Differential vertical deformation velocity was observed to be between −4 mm/y and 4 mm/y, whereas horizontal was between −4 mm/y and 5 mm/y during 2018–2022. However, it was possible to observe the spatial deformation patterns with the subsidence hotspots reaching differential cumulative vertical displacement of −20 mm from both satellite missions. PS-InSAR differential vertical deformation measurements derived from SNT1 and CSK satellite images showed identical spatial patterns with moderate agreement, whereas poor agreement was observed for differential horizontal deformations. The differential vertical deformation hotspots were observed for the oilfield areas installed on piles with obviously higher vulnerability to dynamic movements. Through this study, based on the interferometric measurements, marine geotechnical expert feedback, and no reported deformation-related incidents since 2013, it was possible to conclude that the Kashagan oilfield had not been impacted by significant differential vertical and horizontal deformations on the oilfield. However, since long-term GPS measurements were not accessible from the oilfield to be used as the reference for PS-InSAR measurements, we were not able to judge the long-term displacements of the entire oilfield or possible oscillations, even though it is built on the artificial island. Considering the broad range of PS-InSAR measurements using time-series radar images, the interferometric measurements could play a significant role in the prioritization of insitu risk assessment activities, operational cost reduction, strengthening of safety factors, and planning of further targeted insitu measurements.

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“…The atmospheric error affects the signal path and the signal's propagation velocity since the radar signal passes through the Earth's atmosphere twice. Changes in atmospheric variables, such as water vapour, pressure, and temperature, cause the signals to be delayed and the interferograms to be perturbed, hiding the deformations in some instances [6]. Atmospheric influences are a significant cause of mistakes in interferometric product interpretation in regards to topography and displacement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correcting Atmospheric Effects on the InSAR Measurements using GPS Data

Latip

Ansar²,

Din³

et al. 2022

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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The effect of the atmospheric error in the spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) signal is more prominent in Malaysia due to its hot and wet conditions. Because the atmospheric error is believed to happen constantly in space and randomly in time, low-pass filtering in space and high-pass filtering in time is employed to measure it. However, with few scenes, the filtering technique’s reliability in removing atmospheric error may be insufficient, leading to erroneous surface deformation. Therefore, an external atmospheric correction needs to be modelled to improve the accuracy of surface deformation. In this study, the atmospheric error correction was estimated from GPS and applied to the deformation analysis. The result shows that the atmospheric error level estimated from the filtering technique was –6.9 to 7.5 radians, while using GPS was -1.0 to 1.9 radians. After using the filtering process, the rate of deformation fell dramatically. However, compared to the reference deformation, the rate was too low, indicating that the filtering technique overstated the level of atmospheric error. At many data collections, the atmospheric correction calculated from GPS gave deformation values closer to the reference deformation. Hence, this study will help the researchers to model the atmospheric correction over the Malaysia region in future.

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The Use of InSAR for Monitoring Deformation of Offshore Platforms

Cited by 3 publications

References 17 publications

A Review of Subsidence Monitoring Techniques in Offshore Environments

A Review of Subsidence Monitoring Techniques in Offshore Environments

Remote Surveillance of Differential Deformation for Kazakhstan Offshore Kashagan Oilfield Using Microwave Satellite Remote Sensing

Correcting Atmospheric Effects on the InSAR Measurements using GPS Data

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