The use of<i>Chlorella vulgar</i>is in a simple demonstration of heavy metal toxicity

Gipps, JF; Biro, P.

doi:10.1080/00219266.1978.9654198

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…) The growth medium was made up as described by J. Gipps and P. Biro (1978), and the rate of growth experiments were carried out essentially as described by these workers.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effects of a number of dyes of different chemical and application classes on the growth of the green algae, Selenastrum capricornutum, have been described by the American Dye Manufacturers Institute (ADMI, 1974), and the effect of a number of heavy metal ions has also been studied. A simple procedure for examining the effect of toxic metal ions at various concentrations, on the growth of Chlorella vulgaris, has been described (Gipps and Biro, 1978). These workers determined the rate of growth of the Chlorella by a colorimetric method, in Abstract Chitin, obtained from the shell of the tail portions of the prawn Nephrops norvegicus (L), and chitosan prepared by deacetylation of the chitin, were added to growing cultures o/Chlorella containing various quantities of toxic metals.…”

Section: Reduction Of the Algicidal Properties Of Copper And Mercury mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reduction of the algicidal properties of copper and mercury ions by chitin and chitosan

Blair

Allen

et al. 1982

Journal of Biological Education

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“…) The growth medium was made up as described by J. Gipps and P. Biro (1978), and the rate of growth experiments were carried out essentially as described by these workers.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Reduction Of the Algicidal Properties Of Copper And Mercury mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction of the algicidal properties of copper and mercury ions by chitin and chitosan

Blair

Allen

et al. 1982

Journal of Biological Education

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“…Zingmark & Miller (1975) Zingmark & Miller (1975) Hutchinson & Stokes (1975) Davies (1976) Blinn et al (1977) Sigmon et al (1977) Gipps & Biro (1978) Rai ( 1…”

Section: (I) Mercurymentioning

confidence: 99%

Phycology and Heavy‐metal Pollution

1981

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Summary 1. All heavy metals, including those that are essential micronutrients (e.g. copper, zinc, etc.), are toxic to algae at high concentrations. 2. One characteristic feature of heavy‐metal toxicity is the poisoning and inactivation of enzyme systems. Many of the physiological and biochemical processes, viz., photosynthesis, respiration, protein synthesis and chlorophyll synthesis, etc., are severely affected at high metal concentrations. 3. Some algae inhabit waters chronically polluted with heavy‐metal‐laden wastes from mining and smelting operations; Nodularia sp., Oscillatoria sp., Cladophora sp., Hormidium sp., Fucus sp. and Laminaria sp., etc., occur in metal‐rich waters. These algal forms are probably more capable of combating the toxic levels of heavy metals and this attribute is a result of physiological and/or genetic adaptations. The sensitivity or tolerance to heavy metals varies amongst different algae. The phenomena of multiple tolerance and co‐tolerance may be exhibited by some algae. 4. Heavy‐metal pollution causes reduction in species diversity leading to the dominance of a few tolerant algal forms. The primary productivity also decreases after metal supplementation. 5. The uptake and accumulation of heavy metals can be active (energy‐dependent), passive (energy‐independent), or both. 6. Heavy metals can be safely stored as intranuclear complexes by some algae. Notwithstanding this, some changes in the cell wall can enable the algae to tolerate heavy metals by checking the entry of the metals (exclusion mechanism). 7. The metal content of algae growing in a waterbody may yield valuable information for simulating heavy metal pollution: several species of Cladophora and Fucus have been extensively used for this purpose. 8. Several factors affect and determine toxicity of heavy metals to algae. At low pH, the availability of heavy metals to algae is greatly increased, as a consequence of which pronounced toxicity is evident. Hard waters decrease metal toxicity. Some ions, e.g., calcium, magnesium and phosphorus, can alleviate toxicity of metals. 9. The presence of other metals can influence toxicity of a heavy metal through simple additive effect or by synergistic and antagonistic interactions. Similarly, other pollutants can influence heavy‐metal toxicity. 10. The toxicity of heavy metals depends upon their chemical speciation. Various ionic forms of a metal characterized by different valency states, may be differentially toxic to a test alga. 11. Amino acids, organic matter, humic acids, fulvic acid, EDTA, NTA, etc. can complex with heavy metals and render them unavailable. This may eventually lead to less toxicity. 12. Heavy‐metal toxicity largely depends upon algal population density: the denser the population the more numerous the cellular sites available, leading to decreased toxicity.

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“…Such metal interactions have been studied in eucaryotic algae 297 (12,13), fungi (14), bacteria (15) and cyanobacteria (6). The latter investigators were of the opinion that metal interactions depend on the concentration and order of their addition.…”

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confidence: 99%

Cadmium induced inhibition of nitrate Uptake in Anacystis nidulans: Interaction with other divalent cations.

Singh

Yadava

1983

J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol.

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The effect of Cd2+ (4 ppm) and a combination of Cd2+ with the noninhibitory levels of metals like Ca2+ (150 ppm), Zn2+ (2 ppm), and Hg2+ (0.04 ppm) on the uptake of nitrate by Anacystis nidulans IU 625 (ATCC 27144) was investigated. The N03-uptake kinetics was studied by monitoring short-term uptake rates at different N03-levels (1-20 mM). The values for Vmag (0.8 ,umol/, tg protein/hr) and half saturation constant for uptake (Km 3.03 mM) were obtained employing the double reciprocal plot. A 4 ppm level of Cd2+ inhibited 50 % of the N03 uptake rate (at saturating N03-level) compared to Cd2+-less control. Cd2+ inhibition of N03-uptake (Km 5.88 mM) was alleviated as a result of competitive interaction by either Ca2+ (Km 4.34 mM) or Zn2+ (Km 4.08 mM). Hg2+ ions, however, interacted synergistically with Cd2+ (Km 12.5 mM). There was no change in the uptake capacity (Vmax 0.8 umol/pg protein/hr) for N03-under various treatments.Heavy metal toxicity to algae has been reviewed quite extensively (1-3). Cyanobacteria, however, appear to have been little explored in this respect (4-10) and overall observations suggest that heavy metals induce formative changes and inhibition of algal metabolism through depletion of ATP and reductant pools; the site of inhibition/interaction still remains obscure. Recently, we demonstrated that the acquisition of Cd2+ tolerance in Nostoc calcicola resulted in cross-resistance to other metals and antibiotics (11).While the toxicity of Cd2+ per se is well established, it is imperative to recognize that its interactions with other elements in the environment, both in aquatic and terrestrial systems, can modulate the resultant metal-toxicity to cyanobacteria or biota in general. Such metal interactions have been studied in eucaryotic algae 297

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The use ofChlorella vulgaris in a simple demonstration of heavy metal toxicity

Cited by 12 publications

References 13 publications

Reduction of the algicidal properties of copper and mercury ions by chitin and chitosan

Reduction of the algicidal properties of copper and mercury ions by chitin and chitosan

Phycology and Heavy‐metal Pollution

Cadmium induced inhibition of nitrate Uptake in Anacystis nidulans: Interaction with other divalent cations.

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