The use of human sewage screening for community surveillance of hepatitis E virus in the UK

Smith, Donald B.; Paddy, Julius Owusu; Simmonds, Peter

doi:10.1002/jmv.24403

Cited by 44 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…However, the high prevalence of this genotype in the human population in Europe, but also worldwide, may raise the question of other routes of transmission. This genotype is the most frequently detected in sewage in many countries (La Rosa et al 2010;Masclaux et al 2013;Smith et al 2016). Considering that inadequately treated sewage is a major factor in the transmission of human enteric viruses (EFSA 2011), one of the first questions raised is 'how many infected people are needed to allow the detection of virus in raw sewage?'…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Being highly resistant to sewage treatment, once discharged from treatment plants they may contaminate environmental waters (Gibson 2014;La Rosa et al 2010;Lodder et al 2005;Myrmel et al 2015;Sano et al 2011). Up to now, limited data are available for some viruses such as hepatitis E virus (HEV), which is considered to be an emerging concern in Europe ( Abranavel et al 2013;La Rosa et al 2010;Smith et al 2016;van der Poel 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of Hepatitis E Virus in Sewage After an Outbreak on a French Island

et al. 2016

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A hepatitis E outbreak, which occurred on a small isolated island, provided an opportunity to evaluate the association between the number of hepatitis E cases in the community and the concentration of virus detected in sewage. Samples were collected from the different sewage treatment plants from the island and analyzed for the presence of hepatitis E (HEV) virus using real-time RT-PCR. We demonstrated that if 1-4 % of inhabitants connected to a WWTP were infected with HEV, raw sewage contained HEV at detectable levels. The finding that such a small number of infected people can contaminate municipal sewage works raises the potential of the further distribution of the virus. Indeed, investigating the routes of transmission of HEV, including the potential for sewage effluent to contain infectious HEV, may help us to better understand the epidemiology of this pathogen, which is considered to be an emerging concern in Europe.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Hepatitis E Virus in Sewage After an Outbreak on a French Island

et al. 2016

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“…The screening of sewage water for human viruses began with the detection and monitoring of polioviruses (Sinclair et al 2008;, and since then it has been successfully extended to study the circulation of different enteric and nonenteric viruses in the human population (La Rosa et al 2010Cantalupo et al 2011;Di Bonito et al 2014;Smith et al 2015;Victoria et al 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequent Detection and Genetic Diversity of Human Bocavirus in Urban Sewage Samples

et al. 2016

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The prevalence and genetic diversity of human bocaviruses (HBoVs) in sewage water samples are largely unknown. In this study, 134 raw sewage samples from 25 wastewater treatment plants (WTPs) in Italy were analyzed by nested PCR and sequencing using species-specific primer pairs and broad-range primer pairs targeting the capsid proteins VP1/VP2. A large number of samples (106, 79.1 %) were positive for HBoV. Out of these, 49 were classified as HBoV species 2, and 27 as species 3. For the remaining 30 samples, sequencing results showed mixed electropherograms. By cloning PCR amplicons and sequencing, we confirmed the copresence of species 2 and 3 in 29 samples and species 2 and 4 in only one sample. A real-time PCR assay was also performed, using a newly designed TaqMan assay, for quantification of HBoVs in sewage water samples. Viral load quantification ranged from 5.51E+03 to 1.84E+05 GC/L (mean value 4.70E+04 GC/L) for bocavirus 2 and from 1.89E+03 to 1.02E+05 GC/L (mean value 2.27E+04 GC/L) for bocavirus 3. The wide distribution of HBoV in sewages suggests that this virus is common in the population, and the most prevalent are the species 2 and 3. HBoV-4 was also found, representing the first detection of this species in Italy. Although there is no indication of waterborne transmission for HBoV, the significant presence in sewage waters suggests that HBoV may spread to other water environments, and therefore, a potential role of water in the HBoV transmission should not be neglected.

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“…In Tunisia, the presence of both genotypes in sewage samples was also reported. 6,8,17,18 In Egypt, where the disease burden of viral hepatitis is one of the heaviest worldwide, high prevalence of the virus was reported and cases of HEV G1 or G3 acute hepatitis have been identified. 19,20 However, in the same study, only one of the 76 sewage samples assessed for HEV RNA sequences was found positive.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 in Sewage and Genotype 1 in Acute Hepatitis Cases, Israel

Ram

Manor

Gozlan

et al. 2016

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging infectious agent in developed countries. HEV genotypes 1 (G1) and 3 (G3) have been identified in environmental and clinical samples in Europe. In Israel, the overall prevalence of anti-HEV IgG antibodies was found to be 10.6%; however, reports of HEV infection are scarce. In this study, the presence of HEV in Israel was investigated using 169 sewage samples from 32 treatment facilities and 49 samples from acute hepatitis patients, all collected between 2013 and 2015. Fourteen sewage samples, from Haifa (11/18 samples), Tel Aviv (2/29 samples), and Beer Sheva (1/17 samples), regions with good sanitary conditions and middle-high socioeconomic populations, were HEV positive. Among the patient samples, 6.1% (3/49) were HEV positive, all returning travelers from India. Genotype analysis revealed G1 HEV in patients and G3 HEV sequences in sewage. Evidence that HEV could be establishing itself in our region may justify more active surveillance to monitor its spread.

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The use of human sewage screening for community surveillance of hepatitis E virus in the UK

Cited by 44 publications

References 16 publications

Detection of Hepatitis E Virus in Sewage After an Outbreak on a French Island

Detection of Hepatitis E Virus in Sewage After an Outbreak on a French Island

Frequent Detection and Genetic Diversity of Human Bocavirus in Urban Sewage Samples

Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 in Sewage and Genotype 1 in Acute Hepatitis Cases, Israel

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