The use of Global Positioning System techniques for the continuous monitoring of landslides: application to the Super-Sauze earthflow (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France)

Malet, Jean‐Philippe; Maquaire, Olivier; Calais, E.

doi:10.1016/s0169-555x(01)00098-8

Cited by 288 publications

(193 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“…These landslides display distinct seasonal velocity changes, with periods of increased velocity that correspond to periods of elevated porewater pressures. Numerous other landslides in this region (31,32), and elsewhere that similar environmental conditions (i.e., tectonics, lithology, and climate) prevail, display similar displacement patterns and are likely driven by comparable stress perturbations (3,33,34).…”

Section: [4]mentioning

confidence: 93%

“…These boundary conditions can be interpreted to represent steady long-term motion induced by loading due to headscarp slumping at the upper boundary and toe erosion at the lower boundary. The slip-rate gradient is chosen to simulate velocity variations along the sliding surface that are commonly observed (22,33). We recognize that many landslides display more complex slip gradients but neglect such complications here to focus upon the most essential underlying controls.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rate-weakening friction characterizes both slow sliding and catastrophic failure of landslides

Handwerger

Rempel

Skarbek

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Catastrophic landslides cause billions of dollars in damages and claim thousands of lives annually, whereas slow-moving landslides with negligible inertia dominate sediment transport on many weathered hillslopes. Surprisingly, both failure modes are displayed by nearby landslides (and individual landslides in different years) subjected to almost identical environmental conditions. Such observations have motivated the search for mechanisms that can cause slow-moving landslides to transition via runaway acceleration to catastrophic failure. A similarly diverse range of sliding behavior, including earthquakes and slow-slip events, occurs along tectonic faults. Our understanding of these phenomena has benefitted from mechanical treatments that rely upon key ingredients that are notably absent from previous landslide descriptions. Here, we describe landslide motion using a rate-and state-dependent frictional model that incorporates a nonlocal stress balance to account for the elastic response to gradients in slip. Our idealized, one-dimensional model reproduces both the displacement patterns observed in slowmoving landslides and the acceleration toward failure exhibited by catastrophic events. Catastrophic failure occurs only when the slip surface is characterized by rate-weakening friction and its lateral dimensions exceed a critical nucleation length h * that is shorter for higher effective stresses. However, landslides that are extensive enough to fall within this regime can nevertheless slide slowly for months or years before catastrophic failure. Our results suggest that the diversity of slip behavior observed during landslides can be described with a single model adapted from standard fault mechanics treatments.landslides | slope failure | rate and state friction | pore-water pressure | effective stress L aboratory experiments (1, 2) and numerical models (3,4) suggest that for slow-moving landslides that persist over periods of years to centuries (5) the shear strength that resists motion increases with slip rate-a characteristic referred to as rate strengthening-whereas the opposite is true for landslides that exhibit runaway acceleration and catastrophic failure. Two primary mechanisms are invoked frequently to describe the former rate-strengthening behavior. The first characterizes landslide materials as viscoplastic (i.e., Bingham-plastic), so that an increase in velocity corresponds with an increase in strain rate and viscous resistance. These models are able to reproduce field-based measurements of velocity for seasonally active slow-moving landslides (3). However, this constitutive behavior contradicts measurements that suggest landslide displacement is dominated by frictional sliding along basal and lateral faults (6); furthermore, such rheological models are unable to capture the transition from slow sliding to catastrophic failure. The second modeling approach applies Coulomb friction and invokes shear-zone dilatancy to regulate porewater pressure changes so that sliding increases strength because of ...

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Section: [4]mentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rate-weakening friction characterizes both slow sliding and catastrophic failure of landslides

Handwerger

Rempel

Skarbek

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…However, it is mainly tensile fracturing that dominates the fissure formation at the free surface of the Super-Sauze landslide Stumpf et al, 2013). The long-term field monitoring and airborne ortho-photo or UAVbased ortho-mosaic analysis (Malet et al, 2002;Malet, 2003;Niethammer et al, 2012) allow for the identifying of the typical surface fissure patterns and their distribution across the landslide. It can be observed that the spatial distribution of fissure patterns is not changing significantly in time despite continuous landslide activity.…”

Section: Mechanical Feedbackmentioning

confidence: 99%

A model of hydrological and mechanical feedbacks of preferential fissure flow in a slow-moving landslide

Krzeminska

Bogaard

Malet³

et al. 2013

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. The importance of hydrological processes for landslide activity is generally accepted. However, the relationship between precipitation, hydrological responses and movement is not straightforward. Groundwater recharge is mostly controlled by the hydrological material properties and the structure (e.g., layering, preferential flow paths such as fissures) of the unsaturated zone. In slow-moving landslides, differential displacements caused by the bedrock structure complicate the hydrological regime due to continuous opening and closing of the fissures, creating temporary preferential flow paths systems for infiltration and groundwater drainage. The consecutive opening and closing of fissure aperture control the formation of a critical pore water pressure by creating dynamic preferential flow paths for infiltration and groundwater drainage. This interaction may explain the seasonal nature of the slow-moving landslide activity, including the often observed shifts and delays in hydrological responses when compared to timing, intensity and duration of precipitation.The main objective of this study is to model the influence of fissures on the hydrological dynamics of slowmoving landslide and the dynamic feedbacks between fissures, hydrology and slope stability. For this we adapt the spatially distributed hydrological and slope stability model (STARWARS) to account for geotechnical and hydrological feedbacks, linking between hydrological response of the landside and the dynamics of the fissure network and applied the model to the hydrologically controlled Super-Sauze landslide (South French Alps).

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“…Current landslide forecast is based on empirical formula (e.g., Saito 1965), linear forecast (Rennie 2010), nonlinear forecast (Feng et al 2010;Li et al 2012), phenomenon forecast (Xu et al 2008), GPS forecast (Malet et al 2002), and monitoring forecast (Giovanni et al 2011). Although many landslide forecast models and criteria have been proposed, landslide forecast practice has shown that the existing forecast models can not accurately forecast landslide deformations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progressive modelling of the gravity-induced landslide using the local dynamic strength reduction method

Chen

Huang

et al. 2013

J. Mt. Sci.

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Abstract:The failure of slope is a progressive process, and the whole sliding surface is caused by the gradual softening of soil strength of the potential sliding surface. From this viewpoint, a local dynamic strength reduction method is proposed to capture the progressive failure of slope. This method can calculate the warning deformation of landslide in this study. Only strength parameters of the yielded zone of landslide will be reduced by using the method. Through continuous local reduction of the strength parameters of the yielded zone, the potential sliding surface developed gradually and evolved to breakthrough finally. The result shows that the proposed method can simulate the progressive failure of slope truly. The yielded zone and deformation of landslide obtained by the method are smaller than those of overall strength reduction method. The warning deformation of landslide can be obtained by using the local dynamic strength reduction method which is based on the softening characteristics of the sliding surface.

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The use of Global Positioning System techniques for the continuous monitoring of landslides: application to the Super-Sauze earthflow (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France)

Cited by 288 publications

References 31 publications

Rate-weakening friction characterizes both slow sliding and catastrophic failure of landslides

Rate-weakening friction characterizes both slow sliding and catastrophic failure of landslides

A model of hydrological and mechanical feedbacks of preferential fissure flow in a slow-moving landslide

Progressive modelling of the gravity-induced landslide using the local dynamic strength reduction method

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